AMERICANIZATION BULLETIN 
No. 1 ♦ 


Fundamental Facts for 
New Citizens 

OHIO STATE EDITION 





ISSUED BY 

THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 
AMERICANIZATION DIVISION 


* 


»oiK>gr*p& 














EXTRACTS FROM THE DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE 


We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with cer¬ 
tain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern¬ 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed; that,* whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new gov¬ 
ernment, laying its foundations on such principles, and organ¬ 
izing its powers in such for mas to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. 

* * * 

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf 
to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies of war in 
peace, friends. 

* * * 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su¬ 
preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States; that they are absolved from the allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection, between them 'and the 
state of Great Britian is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; 
and that as free and independent States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com¬ 
merce, and do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And for the support of this declara¬ 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, 
we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and 
our sacred honor. 

Signed by Representatives of the 
Thirteen Colonies, July 4, 1776. 




AMERICANIZATION BULLETIN 
No. 1 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR 
NEW CITIZENS 


OHIO STATE DIVISION 


■ / 

PREPARED BY 

RAYMOND MOLEY; Ph. D. 

DIRECTOR OF THE CLEVELAND FOUNDATION 


UNDER DIRECTION OF 

State Americanization Division: 

E. C. VERMILLION, Supervisor 

FRANK H. WARD, Ass’t Supervisor 

LILLIAN P. CLARK, Supervisor of Teacher Training 


COPYRIGHT, 1922 



Columbus, Ohio: 

The F. J. Heer Printing Co. 
1922 

Bound at State Bindery. 



































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© Cl A658821V, 


























WARREN G. HARDING, 

President of the United States. 



















GOVERNOR DAVIS AND HIS CABINET 



No. 1, Vernon M. Riegel, Director of Education; No. 2, Leon C. Her¬ 
rick, Director of Highways and Public Works; No. 3, Louis J. Taber, 
Director of Agriculture; No. 4, W. H. Phipps, Director of Commerce; 
No. 5, Dr. H. H. Snively, Director of Health; No. 6, Percy Tetlow, Di¬ 
rector of Industrial Relations; No. 7, Dr. Howard S. MacAyeal, Director 
of Welfare; No. 8, Floyd E. Waite, Director of Finance. 















FOREWORD 


This course of study is intended primarily to prepare men and 
women for the examination for naturalization. It is used most success¬ 
fully in those classes organized especially for applicants for naturalization 
who have filed their “petitions” and are awaiting their hearings in court. 

It is not intended to constitute a comprehensive course in citizenship. 
Much of the material which is now used in citizenship instruction con¬ 
cerning the social and economic relations of a citizen has been omitted. 
But an attempt has been made to include all of the facts which are 
commonly required by judges and naturalization examiners together 
with a considerable amount of illustrative material. 

The teacher of citizenship needs a thorough knowledge of the law 
and practice of naturalization. For copies of the naturalization law and 
other information concerning naturalization he should apply to W. T. 
Shockley, Naturalization Examiner, Federal Building, Cleveland. 

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the Cleveland Trust 
Co. and State Civil Service Commission for the use of Cuts and the 
Advisory Committee, consisting of H. Ross Ake, D. J. Boone, Sara 
Geismar, Geo. W. Holl and Harry L. Vail for their cooperation. 

E. C. Vermillion, 
Supervisor of Americanization. 


Useful material for supplementing this course will be found in the 
following books: 

Guitteau, — Government and Politics in the United States. 

Moley and Cook, — Lessons in Democracy. 

Lapp, — Our America. 

Beard and Bagley, — History of the American People. 

Hughes, — Community Civics. 


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INDEX TO CHAPTERS AND APPENDIX 


Chapter Page 

I. Free Government. 9 

II. Our Nation — The United States. 11 

III. Our State — Ohio. 14 

IV. The Story of the United States to the Civil War. 17 

V. The Story of the United States to the Civil War. 20 

VI. The Story of Industry in America. 23 

VII. Our Constitution. 26 

VIII. The Government of the Nation. 29 

IX. How the National Government Serves the People. 31 

X. How the State of Ohio is Governed. 34 

XI. The State Executive Officers. 36 

XII. Some Services of the State Government. 38 

XIII. Making the Laws of Ohio. 41 

XIV. Law and the Courts.. 43 

XV. The Government of My City. 46 

XVI. How the City Serves the People. 47 

XVII. How the Voters Rule. 51 

XVIII. Political Parties. 54 

XIX. How to Become a Citizen of the United States... 55 

XX. The Rights and Duties of Citizens of the United States. 58 

Constitution of the United States of America. 60 

The Constitution of the State of Ohio. 69 

Important Facts About Our Laws. 79 

Facts for Declaration of Intention. 82 

Request for Certificate of Arrival. 83 

Facts for Petition for Naturalization. 85 

Sample Ballot for President and Vice-President. 89 

Sample Ballot for State and County Offices. 90 

Sample Ballot for Judges. 91 


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CHAPTER ONE 


FREE GOVERNMENT 
Working Alone 

One hundred years ago most Americans lived and worked on farms. 
There were no railroads and wagon roads were bad. The people trav¬ 
eled very little and had little chance to carry on trade. 

For these reasons people made for themselves most of the things 
they needed. The farmer raised all of the food for his family. He 
made his own clothing and built his own house. He worked alone; he 
was independent. 

Working Together 

But great changes took place. Machines were invented for making 
cloth better and faster. The steam engine came into use. Railroads and 
canals were built. 

The building of large factories brought workers to the towns. 
Before long the small towns grew to be great cities. 

After these changes people were not so independent as before. 
They needed each other more than before because in the new factory 
the work of many men was used in making a single article. Each 
worker learned to do one thing and to do it well. The other articles he 
needed were made by other workmen in other factories. 

Instead of building his own house a man now hires a house builder. 
The food he eats is produced by others. Shoes are made in one factory, 
clothing in another. Workers in one trade must depend on workers in 
other trades for the things they need. They co-operate. 

Working Together is Co-operation 

We see this working together or co-operation wherever we look. 
We co-operate in the home, in the factory, in the church, in societies and 
in the government. We cannot live without co-operation. 

Our Government Depends Upon Co-operation 

Many things must be done for the people in great cities and nations. 
These things people cannot do for themselves. They must be done 
through co-operation. We have this kind of co-operation in govern¬ 
ment. The government builds roads, protects people from disease, 
defends the nation from enemies, cares for the poor and helpless, and 
supports schools. 


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IO FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 

In a republic like ours the citizens take part in the government. 
It is like a great lodge or society. The members of this society are 
citizens and its rules are laws. The officers are elected by the citizens. 
If these officers do not satisfy the people, others may be chosen instead. 
In a free government the citizens rule. 

Kinds of Governments 

The most common kinds of governments are monarchies and 
republics. In a monarchy the chief official is a king or some other ruler 
who usually holds his office through inheritance. Where the ruler is 
restricted in his power by a constitution it is called a limited monarchy. 
England, Italy and Belgium are governments of this kind. 

In a republic the voters elect the chief officers who carry on the 
government according to a constitution. The United States, France and 
now Germany are republics. 


CHAPTER TWO 


OUR NATION —THE UNITED STATES 
The Size of the United States 

The United States is in the middle part of North America. Canada 
is on the north and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico are on the south. 
The Atlantic Ocean is on the east and the Pacific Ocean is on the west. 
The area of the United States is about three million square miles or 
four-fifths the area of Europe. One hundred million people live in the 
United States. 

The States 

The United States is made up of forty-eight states. The largest 
state is Texas; the smallest is Rhode Island. New York has the most 
people. Each state has a capital city. Columbus is the capital of Ohio. 

Besides the states, our nation includes Alaska, the Hawaiian 
Islands, the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico and some other small islands. 

Surface 

Our country is made up of five great regions: 

1. The Atlantic Coast Plain: This is a strip of lowland border¬ 
ing the Atlantic Ocean. 

2 . The Appalachian Mountains: These are old, worn down 
mountains in the eastern part of our country; they reach from the State 
of Maine to the State of Georgia. 

3 . The Rocky Mountain Highland: This highland occupies 
much of the western half of our country. It is made up of high plateaus 
and rugged mountain ranges. 

4 . The Great Central Lowland: This includes the Mississippi 
Valley, the Great Lakes region, and the region around the Gulf of 
Mexico. It is a thousand miles wide and one of the richest farming 
regions in the world. 

5 . The Pacific Slope: This includes some rich lowlands in Cali¬ 
fornia, Oregon, and Washington. 

Climate 

Our country is so large that there is much difference in climate 
between one part and another. In the states farthest south there is no 
frost and snow. Fruits and plants which need much heat can be raised 
there. In the states of the northern part the winters are cold but the 
summers are so warm and long that many of the more hardy crops are 
raised. 


( 11 ) 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 





^ J'/OA/f 1^1 


*v 


Map of United States, With States and Important Cities 
























FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


13 


Industries 

1. Farming: Because of the good climate, the heavy rainfall, 
and the rich soil, farming is the most important industry in the United 
States. It is most extensive in the Mississippi Valley, around the Great 
Lakes, along the Pacific slope, and around the Gulf of Mexico. Cotton, 
sugar, rice, tobacco, and fruits are the most important crops of the warm 
southern states. Wheat, corn, vegetables and the more hardy fruits are 
raised in the states farther north. 

2 . Mining: The mines of the United States are among its most 
valuable resources. Coal and iron are the most important minerals. 
Coal is found in many of the eastern and southern states. In the states 
near Lake Superior great amounts of iron ore and copper are found. 
In the western mountains gold, silver, lead and copper are mined. Petro¬ 
leum is found in greatest quantities near the Gulf of Mexico, in parts 
of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio and in California. 

3 . Lumbering: Great forests are found in many parts of the 
United States where men work preparing the timber for useful purposes. 

4 . Herding: In some parts of the West where the rainfall is 
too light for farming, many cattle and sheep are raised. In the corn¬ 
growing regions great numbers of hogs are raised. Meat is one of our 
chief exports. 

5 . Commerce: Great steamship lines connect the United States 
with other countries and large cities have grown up on the harbors along 
our shores. The Great Lakes furnish the greatest inland water route in 
the world. The canals and the large rivers are also important in ship¬ 
ping. The United States has more railroads than any other nation. 
More than anything else, the railroads make it possible to have such a 
large country under one government. 

6 . Manufacturing: From the farms, mines, and forests raw 
products are carried to the cities where many kinds of manufacturing 
take place. Ohio is one of the leading manufacturing states of the nation. 
Among the most important manufactured products of our country are: 
iron and steel goods, cotton and woolen cloth, packed meats, lumber, 
flour and meal, leather goods, clothing, and paper. 

7 . Fishing: As compared with our other industries, the value 
of fishing is not very great. The chief products of this industry are 
oysters and codfish from the Atlantic Coast, salmon from the Pacific 
Coast and fresh water fish from the Great Lakes. 


CHAPTER THREE 


OUR STATE —OHIO 

Our state is named after the Ohio River. “Ohio” is an Indian word 
which means “beautiful river.” This river forms the southern boundary 
of our state. Lake Erie forms a large part of the northern boundary. 

Ohio has an area of 41,040 square miles. Its longest measurement 
from north to south is about 210 miles and from east to west it is 225 
miles. 

The population of the state is approximately 5 , 800 , 000 , or one- 
twentieth of the population of the United States. 

Surface 

The southeastern half of the state is hilly and rough. This section 
is part of the foothills or base of the Appalachian Mountains. There are 
no mountains in Ohio, though some of the hills are very high. « The cen¬ 
tral, western and northern parts of the state are more level. The mines 
of Ohio are in the hilly regions; farming is the most important industry 
in the more level sections. 

Climate 

The climate of Ohio is healthful although it is subject to sudden 
changes of weather. The winters are often very cold and the summers 
very warm. In southern Ohio the winters are milder than in the 
northern part. Much of the rain falls during the growing season of the 
plants. 

Industries 

Farming: Ohio ranks high among the states of the Nation in 
the value of its farm products. Among the more important crops are 
corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, swine, cattle 
and sheep. 

Mining: Ohio is rich in minerals. Coal, gas and oil supply heat 
and light for homes as well as power for factories, railroads and steam¬ 
ships. Clay for making pottery, brick and tile is another mineral product 
of Ohio. Salt, sandstone and limestone are also found. 

Commerce 

Ohio has excellent means of transportation, although it is an inland 
state. 

The Great Lakes: The lake ports of Ohio (Cleveland, Toledo, 
Lorain, Sandusky, Ashtabula) receive a large part of the commerce of 

( 14 ) 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


15 


the Great Lakes. Vast quantities of iron ore from the Lake Superior 
region are unloaded in these ports. Part of this iron ore is used in these 
cities, but some of it is put into freight cars and sent to Pittsburgh. The 
great freighters that brought the iron ore to these cities carry back coal 
and manufactured goods to the ports of Lake Superior. 

Railroads: Many great railroads connect the large cities of Ohio 
with each other and with all the great trading centers of the United 
States. 

Rivers and Canals: The shipping on canals and rivers is now 
comparatively small, but for many years these water highways contrib¬ 
uted much to the growth of the state. 

Manufacturing 

Ohio has these natural advantages for manufacturing: ( 1 ) a supply 
of fuel and water power; ( 2 ) a supply of raw materials; ( 3 ) excellent 
means of transportation, and ( 4 ) its location in a productive farming 
section where food is abundantly produced. 

Among the chief manufactures of Ohio are: iron and steel goods, 
machine shop products, rubber goods, packed meats, flour and grist mill 
products, clothing, automobiles, lumber, leather goods, clay products, 
tobacco, farm implements, stoves, paper, sewing machines, oils, paints, 
chemicals and soap. 

THE NINE LARGEST CITIES IN OHIO 


Po pau¬ 
city lation 

Cleveland . 796,836 

Cincinnati . 401,158 

Toledo . 243,109 

Columbus . 237,031 

Akron . 208,435 

Dayton . 153,830 

Youngstown . 132,358 

Canton . 87,091 

Springfield . 60,840 


Note: See Professor W. M. Gregory’s “Geography of Ohio,” published 
as a part of Brigham & McFarlane’s “Geography.” It is the best short description 
of the geography of Ohio. 











FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


16 






CHAPTER FOUR 


THE STORY OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE CIVIL WAR 
The Discovery of a New Land 

In 1492 an Italian sailor named Christopher Columbus sailed west 
from Spain over the Atlantic Ocean. He hoped that by sailing in this 
direction he could find a short route to Asia. He was one of the few 
men of his time who believed that the earth was round. 

After a voyage of six weeks Columbus and his men reached a small 
island near the southeastern coast of the United States. They had not 
reached Asia; they had not discovered the riches which they had ex¬ 
pected; and Columbus died a disappointed man. It was not until after 
his death that the greatness of his discovery of America was known to 
the people of the world. 


The First Immigrants 

After the discovery of a great new continent many of the nations 
of Europe sent immigrants to America. Spanish, French and English 
left their homes and took up land here. Later, people from other 
nations came. This immigration continued until in 1775 three million 
people lived near the Atlantic coast. In the course of time several wars 
were fought among European nations for the possession of the new 
continent and as a result of these England finally secured practically 
all of the eastern part of what is now the United States. 

Many of the early immigrants came to America seeking religious 
or political freedom. Many others came to find better opportunities 
to make a living. A few came merely for adventure and after a while 
they returned to Europe. The best immigrants then as now were those 
who came to make permanent homes for themselves and their families. 

The War for Independence 

In 1775 there were thirteen colonies (or states) along the Atlantic 
Coast. These were owned by England, governed by English laws and 
ruled by officers sent by the English king. Some of the laws of the 
king were very oppressive and finally the Americans refused to obey 
them. The Revolutionary War began in 1775 . In 1776 a number of 
the leading men of the colonies signed a statement telling why the 
American people should be independent. This statement is called the 
Declaration of Independence. The day upon which it was signed was 
July 4 th, which is still celebrated as our great national holiday. 

2 f. f. (17) 



l8 FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 

After a long war England was compelled to recognize the inde¬ 
pendence of the United States of America. During this war, America 
was helped by many great Europeans. France sent an army and navy 
to help. Lafayette, the leader of the French in this war, is greatly 
honored by Americans. Other foreign friends in this war were 
Kosciusko, a Pole, and DeKalb, a Bavarian. 


The New Government 

In Chapter Eight we learn how, after the Revolution, the leading 
men of the new nation formed a Constitution. Under this constitution, 
.a new government took office in 1789, with Washington as the first 
president. He served two terms and retired to his home at Mt. Vernon 
in Virginia. 

The Growth of the New Nation 

The nation grew rapidly in size and population. In 1803 a vast 
territory was purchased from France. This was called the Louisiana 
Purchase, and it included most of that part of the United States which 
lies west of the Mississippi River. Other territory was gained by the 
purchase of Florida and of Alaska. The territory of California, New 
Mexico and Arizona was taken from Mexico after a war with that 
country. Many great Americans have not approved of this war with 
Mexico, saying that we were not right in taking away a part of the land 
of another country. 

With this great growth in area went also a great growth in popu¬ 
lation. The following table shows the growth of the population of the 
United States from 1790 to 1920: 


Year Population 

1790 . 3,929,214 

1800 . 5,308,493 

1810 . 7,239,881 

1820 . 9,638,453 

1830 . 12,866,020 

1840 . 17,069,453 

1850 . 23,191,876 

1860 . 31,443,321 

1870 . 38,558,371 

1880 . 50,155,783 

1890 . 62,947,714 

1900 . 75,994,575 

1910 . 91,972,266 

1920 . 105,683,108 


The Civil War 

At first colored slaves were owned in almost every state,, but mainly 
in the South, where they were used on cotton plantations. Finally, 
the North came to believe slavery was wrong; and for more than 
















FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


19 


twenty years there was a dispute over this question between northern 
and southern states. The southern states claimed the right to leave 
the Union. So when, in i860, Abraham Lincoln, who was a northern 
man, was elected President, the southern states withdrew from the 
United States and set up a government of their own. This started a 
long war in which the North was successful. Since that time no states 
have tried to break away from the Union. 

Abraham Lincoln guided the Nation with great wisdom and power 
during the Civil War and has ever since been considered by many to 
be the greatest American who ever lived. In 1863 during the war he 
proclaimed the freedom of the slaves. In 1865, when the war was 
practically over, Lincoln was killed by an assassin. 


CHAPTER FIVE 


THE STORY OF THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 
The Development of the West 

After the Civil War there began a great movement of the people 
to the western part of the United States. Farm lands were thrown 
open by the government to settlers, and thousands found homes in the 
great states west of the Mississippi River. Gold, copper, silver and 
other, minerals were found, and in a few years the West became a civil¬ 
ized country filled with rich farms and prosperous cities. 

The South too recovered from the effects of the war. Before the 
Civil War, the slave owners had said that the freeing of the slaves 
would ruin the South and that the colored people, when free, would 
not continue to be useful workers. Instead of this, freedom for the 
slaves was a great improvement both for colored and for white people. 
All classes tried harder than ever before to build up the country. The 
production of cotton, sugar and lumber increased. In recent years, the 
discovery of iron and coal in some of the southern states has brought 
about a great deal of manufacturing there. Birmingham, in Alabama, 
has been called the “Pittsburgh of the South.” 

Immigration 

From 1840 to 1880 the immigrants who came to the United States 
from Europe were mainly from the North European countries such as 
Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Scotland and Ireland. After 
1880 immigrants from Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia came in vast 
numbers and settled in the great cities of America. In 1907 more than 
1,250,000 immigrants came to America. In the years that have followed, 
these immigrants have become most necessary workers in all of our 
great industries. 

The Panama Canal 

One of the most important events in the history of our nation was 
the building by the government of the Panama Canal. This canal, 
completed in 1913, joins the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. 
This makes it unnecessary, in sailing from East to West, to go around 
South America. 

The United States as a World Power 

With its growth in power and wealth, the United States began 
to take a great interest in the affairs of the world. Its relations with 
other nations became more and more important. In 1898 a short war 

( 20 ) 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


21 


was fought with Spain which resulted in Cuba becoming an independent 
republic and in adding to the territory of the United States the island 
of Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands and the Hawaiian Islands. The 
interests of the United States and its citizens in the far parts of the 
world have grown very great. In a very real sense, our nation has 
become a world power. 

The War With Germany 

For a long time after the beginning of the Great European War 
in 1914, the United States attempted to keep an attitude of strict 
neutrality. But as the war became more wide-spread we found that 
it was more and more difficult to keep out. Finally, after our rights 
and the rights of humanity itself had been violated by the rulers of 
Germany, we entered the conflict. In addition to using our navy 
(second in size only to Great Britain) to defeat the German submarine 
warfare, we sent more than two million soldiers to France. The aid 
of the United States came in time to save the allies and to help in the 
overthrow of the militaristic governments of Germany and Austria- 
Hungary. 


Facts and Dates in Our History 

1492 Columbus discovered America. 

1620 Pilgrims arrived on the “Mayflower”, at Plymouth, Massa¬ 
chusetts. 

1775 The Revolutionary War began. 

1776 Declaration of Independence signed. 

1783 Treaty of Peace with Great Britain. 

1789 George Washington elected first President. 

1807 The steamboat invented by Robert Fulton. 

1828 First railroad built in the United States. 

1835 Invention of the telegraph. 

1861 Civil War began. 

1863 Slaves set free. 

1865 End of Civil War. 

1917-1918 War with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 

1918 November 11—Armistice with Germany signed. 

Presidents of the United States 


1. . George Washington. l 7 % 9~ 1 797 

2. John Adams . 1797-1801 

3. Thomas Jefferson. 1801-1809 

4. James Madison . 1809-1817 

5. James Monroe . 1817-1825 

6. John Quincy Adams . 1825-1829 









22 FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 

7. Andrew Jackson .. 1829-1837 

8. Martin Van Buren . 1837-1841 

9. William H. Harrison . 1841-_ 

10. John Tyler . 1841-1845 

11. James K. Polk ... 1845-1849 

12. Zachary Taylor . 1849-1850 

13. Millard Fillmore . 1850-1853 

14. Franklin Pierce . 1853-1857 

15. James Buchanan . 1857-1861 

16. Abraham Lincoln . 1861-1865 

17. Andrew Johnson .. 1865-1869 

18. Ulysses S. Grant . 1869-1877 

19. Rutherford B. Hayes.. 1877-1881 

20. James A. Garfield.. 1881-.... 

21. Chester A. Arthur. 1881-1885 

22. Grover Cleveland . 1885-1889 

23. Benjamin Harrison . 1889-1893 

24. Grover Cleveland .,. 1893-1897 

25. William McKinley . 1897-1901 

26. Theodore Roosevelt . 1901-1909 

27. William Howard Taft. 1909-1913 

28. Woodrow Wilson . 1913-1921 

29. Warren G. Harding . 1921-_ 

The Thirteen Original States 

New Hampshire 
Massachusetts 
Rhode Island 
Connecticut 
New York 
New Jersey 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
. • Maryland 

Virginia 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Georgia 

























CHAPTER SIX 


THE STORY ON INDUSTRY IN AMERICA 
The Industrial Revolution 

One of the greatest events in the history of the world was the 
Industrial Revolution. This means the rise during the last 150 years 
of the modern methods of manufacturing and carrying the things which 
we need for living. This great change has been brought about by the 
invention of modern machinery. It has changed conditions of living 
more in 150 years than anything that has happened in two thousand 
years. America has had a great part in the Industrial Revolution. 

The Cloth Industry 

The first great industry to develop was that of making cloth. More 
than one hundred years ago machines for spinning and weaving were 
invented in England and soon brought to America. An American, 
Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin, a machine for preparing cotton 
for the making of cloth. Great mills were built in New England for 
the making of cloth. Other factories were built in our large cities 
where this cloth is made into clothing. Cleveland is the second city in 
the United States in output of clothing. 

The Iron and Steel Industry 

For building the new machines iron and steel were needed. Coal 
was also needed to drive the engines and to help in making steel. The 
first steel plants were built between 1790 and 1820. This important 
industry has grown up in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Alabama, Michigan, 
Indiana and Illinois. 

Improved Transportation 

With the development of new industries, came the need of new 
and improved methods of transportation. In 1825 the Erie Canal was 
finished. The building of this canal was carried on by the state of 
New York. When completed it was 363 miles long and extended from 
Albany to Buffalo. Thus, in building this canal, the waters of the 
Atlantic Ocean and of the Great Lakes were brought together and the 
way was open to carry goods between the East and West. The building 
of this canal reduced the cost of carrying a ton 100 miles from $32 to $1. 
Later on canals were built through the state of Ohio, joining the Ohio 
River with Lake Erie. Thus all of the great central states were brought 
into closer touch with the East. 


( 23 ) 



24 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


The Steamboat and the Railroad 

In 1807 Robert Fulton showed that the steam engine could be 
used to propel a ship. He made a trip from New York City to Albany 
in his steamboat, the Clermont. Within a few years great ships were 
in every sea, carrying the products of the farms, the mines, the forests 
and the factories. 

The first railroad of America was put into operation in 1828. In 
the years that followed, railroads were built in every state until i860 
the United States had 30,000 miles of railroads. In 1869 one of the 
important events of American history took place in a lonely desert in 
Utah, — the opening of the Union Pacific Railroad which marked the 
completion of a railroad which reached from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
Ocean. In 1910 there were in the United States 242,000 miles of rail¬ 
roads. 


The Telegraph and the Telephone 

The first telegraph was successfully put into operation by S. F. B. 
Morse in 1844. Within a few years the most distant places were bound 
together by this method of instant communication. In 1858 the first 
Atlantic Cable was laid joining America and Europe. Later, the tele¬ 
phone (a product of the efforts of many inventors) was put into prac¬ 
tical use by Alexander Graham Bell. 

Industrial Combinations 

After industry had grown to a very large extent, a movement 
started to combine the different companies doing the same business into 
great corporations. By the year 1900 this movement was growing very 
rapidly. Some of the great corporations organized about this time were 
The Standard Oil Company, The United States Steel Corporation, The 
International Harvester Company, and The American Tobacco Company. 

The Heroes of the Industrial Revolution 

In former times and in older countries the heroes have generally 
been great and successful soldiers. Sometimes it has been customary 
to honor above all others the memory of great statesmen. While 
America is proud to honor its soldiers and statesmen, it does not forget 
that the greatest men are those who make it possible for all men to 
have a more complete life. Who will say that those who took a great 
part in the Industrial Revolution were not heroes too! First there were 
the inventors who worked long years to make perfect the new machines. 
Then the organizers and engineers who built the industries, railroads, 
canals and ships. Then the men who managed the new industries. 
Finally, the millions of workers who took part in the mighty task of 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


25 


building a great nation. America does not require that its heroes be 
of high birth or noble blood. Its heroes are those who work with hands 
and minds to make a better nation. 

Note: The best and most helpful account of the new interpretation of 
American history will be found in Beard & Bagley's “History of the American 
People.” The teacher is urged to use this book in connection with this and the 
preceding lesson. 


CHAPTER SEVEN 


OUR CONSTITUTION 
Thirteen States That Were Not United 

Before the War for Independence this country was made up of 
thirteen colonies. When that war against England began, these colonies 
sent men to represent them in a body called the Congress. This Con¬ 
gress was to govern the thirteen states as one nation in order that all 
might fight together for freedom. During the war all went well. The 
states were united because they had the same enemy. But after the war 
they were united no longer. Each state elected its own officers and made 
its own laws. It was not compelled to pay taxes for the support of the 
nation nor to obey the laws of Congress. So the United States were 
not really united at all. George Washington said, “We are one nation 
today and thirteen tomorrow.” 

Why a Strong Nation Was Needed 

Allowing the states so much power brought about many bad results. 
Many things were needed to be done which no state could do well alone. 
The United States had borrowed money to pay the expenses of the war. 
There was no way of raising money to pay the interest on this debt. 
Each state could pay its share or could refuse. It could not be compelled 
to pay. Each state coined its own money. This meant that many kinds 
of money were in use at one time. There was no way to control com¬ 
merce and trade among the states. There was no way to pay the 
expenses of an army and navy to defend the new nation. The states 
were like thirteen little nations. 

Making the Constitution 

This condition lasted six years after the Revolution. By that time 
it became plain that a stronger national government was necessary if 
the United States was to be actually one nation. In 1787 a number of 
men sent from each of the states met in Philadelphia to form a better 
government. They prepared a law providing for a new form of govern¬ 
ment for the nation. This law was called the Constitution. The states 
agreed to accept it as the highest law of the land. 

Since that time the states have increased in number from 13 to 48 
and the population of the nation has increased from three million to 
one hundred million. But the Constitution, with a few changes, is still 
binding upon the nation. It is the supreme law of the land. 

( 26 ) 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


27 


What the Constitution Tells Us 

Briefly, the Constitution tells us three things: 

1. The form of government. 

2. The rights of citizens. 

3. The powers of the states and of the nation. 

The purposes of our government are set forth in the opening para¬ 
graph of the Constitution. This paragraph is called the Preamble. 

The Powers of the Nation 

The powers of the nation are stated in Section 8 of the Constitution. 
The more important ones are: 

1. Regulating (or making rules for) commerce among the states. 

2. Making rules for commerce with other nations. 

3. Borrowing money for the Nation. 

4. Coining money. 

5. Defending the Nation with an army and navy. 

6. Providing for the carrying of mail. 

7. Issuing patents and copyrights. 

The Powers of a State 

The states have all powers which are not: 

(1) Given to the national government alone. 

(2) Forbidden by the Constitution. 

Changing the Constitution 

The Constitution of the United States may be amended (changed) 
at any time. Article 5 of the Constitution tells how this may be done. 
The Constitution has been amended nineteen times. 

The Flag of the Nation 

The flag of the United States stands for both the Nation and for 
the states. The forty-eight stars stand for the forty-eight states and the 
thirteen stripes represent the thireen original states. 



28 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 




The Capitol of the United States, Washington, 














CHAPTER EIGHT 


THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NATION 
The Three Parts of the National Government 

The government of the Nation is divided by the Constitution into 
three parts or branches. 

1. Congress, the legislative branch, which makes the laws. 

2. The President, the chief executive, who carries out the laws. 

3. The Supreme Court, the judicial branch, which tells the meaning 
of, or interprets, the laws. 


I. THE CONGRESS 

The Congress of the United States is made up of two parts, the 
Senate and the House of Representatives. The sessions of Congress 
begin in December of each year. 

The House of Representatives 

The House of Representatives has more than four hundred mem¬ 
bers elected by the voters of the Nation. Ohio is allowed to elect 
twenty-two members.* Each of these is elected in a district. Members 
of the House of Representatives are elected for a term of two years. A 
member of the House of Representatives must be twenty-five years old, 
a citizen of the United States for seven years and live in the state from 
which elected. 

The Senate 

Each state is allowed two senators. The term of a senator is six 
years. Ohio elected a senator in 1916 and another in 1920. The present 
senators from Ohio are Atlee Pomerene and Frank B. Willis. A 
senator must be thirty years old, nine years a United States citizen and 
live in the state from which elected. 

II. THE PRESIDENT 

The President must be thirty-five years old, a citizen of the United 
States by birth and a resident for fourteen years. He is elected indi¬ 
rectly by the voters for a term of four years. The voters vote for 
electors, who in turn elect the President. Each state has as many 
Presidential electors as it has senators and representatives. Ohio had 
in 1920 twenty-four electors. 

♦This number will probably be increased in 1922. 

(29) 




30 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


The President has many duties of which the most important are: 

1. To represent the United States in all its relations with other 
nations. 

2. To command the army and navy. 

3. To advise Congress when he thinks new laws are needed. 

4. To see that the laws of the Nation are obeyed. 

5. To appoint a large number of officers of the government. 

The President’s Cabinet 

The President has ten officers who help and advise him in carrying 
on the work of the government. They are: 

The Secretary of State 
The Secretary of the Treasury 
The Secretary of War 
The Attorney-General. 

The Postmaster-General 
The Secretary of the Navy 
The Secretary of the Interior 
The Secretary of Agriculture 
The Secretary of Commerce 
The Secretary of Labor 

This group of officers is called the Cabinet of the President. 

The Vice-President 

The Vice-President is elected for the same term and in the same 
manner as the President. In case of the death, resignation or removal 
of the President the Vice-President takes that office for the remainder 
of the term. The Vice-President is the President of the Senate. 

III. THE SUPREME COURT 

The third branch of the national government is the Supreme Court. 
This highest court has nine members called justices. It tells the mean¬ 
ing of laws passed by Congress and is the final court of appeals in the 
country. The justices of this court are appointed by the President and 
hold office for life. 


The Capital of the Nation 

The city of Washington is the capital of the United States. It is 
located in the District of Columbia. 

Congress and the Supreme Court meet in Washington and the 
President lives there. 

Note: The student should know the number of his congressional dis¬ 
trict and the name of its representative. 


CHAPTER NINE 


HOW THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT SERVES THE PEOPLE 

A good government serves the public. Our national, state and city 
governments serve us in many ways. 

The Constitution of the United States points out some of the ways 
in which the national government must serve the public. Among these 
are: (i) defending the nation; (2) regulating commerce; (3) coining 
money; (4) providing postal service. 

!i1MSfli!lillljl.i, ;l ' 

The Postal Service 

One of the best services of the national government is the postal 
system. There are more than 60,000 postoffices in the cities and villages 
of the United States where letters and packages may be sent and 
received. Valuable letters or packages may be registered or insured and 
sent safely by mail. Money orders may be purchased for a few cents, 
so that money may be safely sent anywhere in the United States and 
also to foreign countries. Two cents will send a one-ounce letter any¬ 
where in the United States or its possessions. 

Savings may be deposited at the Postal Savings windows of any 
postoffice. In this way the government serves the people as a bank. 

Public Health 

The government also serves us in many ways not named in the 
Constitution. It protects the health of its citizens by examining all 
immigrants who come to Ellis Island to see that they bring no disease. 
Pure food laws protect us against impure food and drugs. Thousands 
of inspectors work for the government in packing houses and factories 
to see that meat and other foods are clean and free of disease. 

The national government has provided a Children’s Bureau to look 
after the welfare of children. 

Help to Farmers 

The United States Department of Agriculture spends millions of 
‘dollars each year in helping the Nation’s farmers. It studies farming 
and gives out free information as to which methods are best for different 
localities. This department runs the Weather Bureau which warns the 
farmers of sudden weather changes. This gives them a chance to pro¬ 
tect their crops and herds against frost and storms. 

(31) 



32 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


National Defense 

The United States has an army and navy to defend the country 
from attack. 

The Nation has a very small regular army in peace times. Service 
in it is not compulsory. Only in time of war are men compelled to 
become soldiers. 

In size, the United States navy is second in the world. 

Foreign Affairs 

The Department of State looks after the transactions which Ameri¬ 
cans have with foreign countries. It sends ambassadors and consuls to 
all other nations. These men look after the interests of American citi¬ 
zens who are in foreign lands. When an American citizen wishes to 
travel in a foreign country, he can get a passport from the Department 
of State at Washington. A passport is a certificate which identifies a 
person and gives him protection in foreign countries. 

Note: For a more complete description of the services of the national 
government see Guitteau’s Government and Politics in the United States, Chap¬ 
ters 19 to 25. 
















FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


33 



■ » 




i 


3 F. F. 



















CHAPTER TEN 


HOW THE STATE OF OHIO IS GOVERNED 
The Constitution of Ohio 

The Constitution of the United States is the highest law in all of 
the states. But each state also has a constitution of its own. The Con¬ 
stitution of Ohio tells how the state is to be governed. It can be 
amended by the voters of the state. 

The Three Branches of the State Government 

The government of our state is much like the government of the 
United States. It has three branches. They are: 

The General Assembly, or the legislative branch, which makes the 
laws of the state (Chapter thirteen). 

The Governor and his assistants, or the executive branch, who en¬ 
force the laws (Chapter eleven). 

The State Courts, or the judicial branch, which tell the meaning 
of the laws (Chapter fourteen). 

The Parts of the State 

The State of Ohio is divided into 88 parts, called counties. 

The officers of the county are elected by the voters. These officers 
carry on the work of the state within the county. 

Still smaller than the county are the townships which also have 
officers elected by the voters. Townships are intended for the govern¬ 
ment of rural parts of the state. 

Within the counties are also cities and villages. Under the law of 
Ohio a village becomes a city when its population reaches 5000. 

The Government of a County 

The chief officers of the county in Ohio with their most important 
duties are as follows: 

The Commissioners build and keep in repair all county buildings, 
bridges and roads, levy taxes (subject to certain limitations) and have 
a general supervision of all other county officers. There are three 
commissioners elected for four years. 

The Surveyor assists the commissioners in building roads, bridges 
and other public improvements. 

The Sheriff serves and executes all writs and orders of county 
courts and is supposed to be the principal police officer of the county. 

(34) 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITTZENS 


35 


The Coroner inquires into all deaths not due to natural causes. 

The Auditor is the bookkeeper of the county. He makes a record 
of property values, computes the taxes to be paid and issues orders for 
the payment of money out of the county treasury. His term is four 
years. 

The Treasurer collects state taxes and has charge of money be¬ 
longing to the county. 

The Recorder makes and keeps a record of all papers relating to 
the ownership of lands and other property. 

The Clerk of Courts keeps the records of the county courts. 

The Prosecuting Attorney represents the state in all civil and 
criminal suits and is the chief legal advisor to the county officers. 

All of the above officials are elected by the voters of the county. 
With the exception of the auditor and county commissioners their terms 
are two years. 

The county also has a board of education elected by the voters of 
the county. The board appoints the county Superintendent of Schools. 

Note: See the appendix to Guitteau’s Government and Politics in the 
United States for a very good description of the government of Ohio. Many de¬ 
tails will be found there which cannot be included in a book of this character. 


CHAPTER ELEVEN 


THE STATE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 
The Governor and His Duties 

The Chief Executive Officer of the State is the Governor. He is 
elected by the voters of the State for a term of two years. His more 
important duties are: 

1. To enforce the laws of the State. 

2. To tell the General Assembly, by means of messages, about 
the condition of the State and to recommend laws to them. 

3. To command State troops except when they are in the service 
of United States. 

4. To appoint the members of his cabinet and a large number of 
other Executive Officers. 

5. To issue pardons, when he thinks it wise, to persons convicted 
of crimes. 

Other Elective State Officers 

The Lieutenant Governor is elected for a term of two years. In 
case of death, resignation or removal of the Governor he becomes the 
Governor. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the State Senate. 

The Secretary of State keeps the records of the State Govern¬ 
ment, issues- Charters to Corporations, issues automobile licenses and is 
the Chief Election Officer of the State. 

The Treasurer of State has charge of the money of the State 
Government. 

The Auditor of State keeps the accounts of the State and through 
a large staff examines the accounts of all public officers in State, Coun¬ 
ties, Cities, Villages, Schools and Townships. 

The Attorney General is the lawyer for the State Government. 

The term of each of the above officers is two years, except that 
of the Auditor which is four years. 

The Governor’s Cabinet 

Under a law passed in 1921, at the request of Governor Davis, Ohio 
has been given a form of government similar to that of the Nation. 
Practically all of th£ work of the State has been put under eight Depart¬ 
ments, each in charge of a Director. The eight Directors are chosen by 
the Governor and form his cabinet. The Departments, with their chief 
duties, are: 

The Department of Finance has charge of the making of the State 
budget and of the purchasing of supplies for State offices and institu¬ 
tions. 


(36) 



tUftbAMkNTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 

The Department of Commerce has charge of the enforcement of 
all State regulations of banks, building and loan associations and insur¬ 
ance companies. It also regulates the issuance of stocks, bonds and 
other securities by private companies. The State Fire Marshal is in 
the Department of Commerce. 

The Department of Highways and Public Works has charge of 
the building of State Highways, of State Public Works and has charge 
of the erection and maintenance of State buildings. 

The Department of Agriculture has charge of all of the State 
activities which relate to Agriculture, the regulation of hunting and 
fishing and the annual State Fair at Columbus. 

The Department of Health has charge of the State laws which 
relate to health and the gathering of statistics on births and deaths. 

The Department of Industrial Relations enforces State laws regu¬ 
lating employment of men and women in workshops, factories and 
mines. It maintains free public employment offices in the larger cities. 
Related, to this Department is the State Industrial Commission, com¬ 
posed of three members appointed by the Governor, which administers 
the State workmen’s compensation fund. 

The Department of Education has charge of all State laws regu¬ 
lating education. It decides what moving picture films may be exhibited 
in Ohio. Related to this Department is the teaching of English to 
foreign-born by the State Supervisor of Americanization. 

The Department of Public Welfare has charge of State institu¬ 
tions for charity and correction, such as State hospitals for the insane, 
the penitentiary, State reformatories and other institutions of this kind. 

Other State Officers and Commissions 

The State Civil Service Commission is composed of two members 
appointed by the Governor. It controls the examination for persons 
desiring to enter the service of the State. 

The State Prohibition Commissioner, who is appointed by the 
Governor, enforces State laws preventing the manufacture and sale of 
liquor. 

The State Public Utilities Commission, composed of three mem¬ 
bers appointed by the Governor, regulates railroads, interurban railways, 
gas and electric light companies and private water companies operating 
in Ohio. 

The State Tax Commission, composed of three members ap¬ 
pointed by the Governor, fixes tax valuations of Public Utilities and has 
supervision of tax valuations of real and personal property made by 
County Tax Officials. 

Note: For further information on the State Government see the Chart 
on pages 48 nnd 49. 


CHAPTER TWELVE 


SOME SERVICES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT 
Assistance to Workers 

The State Industrial Commission is a board of three members who 
have a number of duties connected with the welfare of labor. They 
supervise every place of employment and enforce state laws protecting 
the safety and health of workers. They also have charge of the 
Workmen’s Compensation Law. That law is described in that part of 
this book called “Important Facts About Our Laws.” (See page —). 

Care of the Unfortunate 

Often the men and women who need help most are those who have 
committed crimes. Ohio is building a prison near Columbus where such 
people are to be kept and where they may learn to lead better lives and to 
become useful citizens. The state also has schools for the deaf and 
blind and hospitals for the insane, the feeble-minded and for those 
suffering from serious diseases. 

Public Health 

The State Department of Health is charged with the duty of pre¬ 
venting the spread of disease and of promoting the public health in 
Ohio. It carries out the health laws of the state and assists the health 
officers of the cities in their work. This department educates people in 
the best methods of avoiding disease, investigates and seeks to control 
contagious diseases, inspects public water supplies and systems of sewer¬ 
age, makes scientific examination of food and drugs, and gives advice to 
industries as to the best methods of promoting the health of workers. 

Public Education 

The State of Ohio spends a great amount of money each year upon 
the education of its citizens. The largest state school is Ohio State Uni¬ 
versity at Columbus. In this University and in the other state schools 
men and women are trained for better citizenship and for more useful 
service. Teachers, doctors, lawyers, dentists, and farmers are trained in 
the state schools. The State Superintedent of Public Instruction, who 
also is Director of Education in the Governor’s cabinet, inspects the 
schools of the state in which children are educated, provides exam¬ 
inations for teachers and prepares courses of study for high schools. 

(38) 



FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


39 


Assistance to Farmers 

The State of Ohio assists the farmers of the state in many ways. 
A state fair is held each year. Institutes are held in all parts of the 
state for the purpose of giving instruction in farming methods and great 
farms are maintained for the purpose of experimentation in new 
methods of farming. 


Road Building 

While most of our roads are built and kept in repair by counties, 
townships and cities, the state government is spending more every year 
in building state roads. The General Assembly set aside more than 
$16,000,000 for road building and repairs in 1921 and 1922. 

Appropriations for State Government for One Year 


For Education . $5,635,896 

For Charities and Correction. 7,094,212 

For Roads and Public Works. 8,271,130 

For Administrative Offices. 2,304,000 

For Courts . 686,090 

For Military Affairs. 547,214 

For Public Health. 312,165 

For General Assembly. 241,150 

For Agriculture . 795,085 


Thus for the needs of the state government itself, about $25,000,000 
is required each year. This is much smaller than the total required 
for all the cities, townships, school districts and counties. For these 
latter purposes over $130,000,000 is required. Thus in all there must 
be collected in Ohio for the expenses of state and local government over 
$155,000,000. 

Direct and Indirect Taxes 

For the expenses of local units of government such as cities, 
counties, and school districts the chief source of income is from “direct” 
taxes upon property. For a part of the expenses of local government 
“indirect” taxes such as corporation taxes and automobile licenses are 
collected. 


The General Property Tax 

The most important tax in Ohio is that levied upon property both 
real and personal. Assessors are elected in each local taxing district 
who list the value of all property. Each person must make a “return” 
on the value of his property and swear that his statement is true. After 
the assessors have listed the value of all property the tax rate is fixed. 
The state constitution forbids a rate higher than $.015. 











4o 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


Paying Taxes 

The County Treasurer is the official tax collector. The law allows 
taxes to be paid in two parts, one before December 20th and the other 
before June 20th. 


Bonded Indebtedness 

A city or county borrows money by issuing bonds. The total 
bonded debt of all local governments in Ohio is about $300,000,000. 

Note: For further information about the finances of Ohio, see the State 
budget issued by the State Budget Commissioner, and the reports of the State 
Auditor. For a good statement concerning taxation see Guitteau’s, Government and 
Politics in the United States, Chapter 17 . 


CHAPTER THIRTEEN 


MAKING THE LAWS OF OHIO 
The State as a Law Maker 

The laws made by the state Assembly are of great importance to 
the citizen. While very important laws are made by Congress, the state 
Assembly makes many more. State laws touch us on every side. 

The General Assembly 

The Senate: The upper house of the General Assembly is called 
the Senate. It has thirty-seven members chosen from senatorial districts. 
The term of a senator is two years. The President of the Senate is the 
Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 

The House of Representatives: The lower house of the General 
Assembly is called the House of Representatives. It has 125 members 
who are chosen from counties. Some of the larger counties elect several 
members of the House. A representative is chosen for two years. The 
presiding officer in the House of Representatives is called the “Speaker.” 
He is chosen by the representatives themselves from among their 
number. 

The Story of a Law 

1. John Smith, a citizen, wrote a letter to Mr. Brown, the Senator 
from his district, asking him to introduce a bill which he thought should 
be made into a law. 

2. Senator Brown introduced Mr. Smith’s bill in the Senate and 
the Clerk of the Senate read it aloud twice. It was then given to a 
committee. 

3. The committee of senators who had charge of the bill studied 
it carefully. They called in citizens who knew about the matters dealt 
with in the bill. Everyone who had opinions about the bill had the 
chance to be heard before the committee. Then the committee voted in 
favor of the bill and returned it to the Senate. 

4. The bill was then read for the third time in the Senate and 
time was given for those in favor and those opposed to speak concerning 
the bill. After this debate, the roll of Senators was called and each 
one voted “yes” or “no.” A majority voted “yes” and the bill had 
therefore “passed” the Senate. It was immediately taken to the House 
of Representatives. 

5. In the House of Representatives the same events took place 
as in the Senate. The bill was read twice, referred by the Speaker of 

(41) 


42 


fundamental facts for new citizens 


the House to a committee, passed upon by the committee and, after 
being debated in the House, was passed by a majority vote. It was then 
sent to the Governor. 

6 . The Governor studied the bill and, as he believed it a wise law, 
he signed it. 

The “bill” then became a “law.” 

This law passed without great difficulty. Sometimes many events 
take place that are not told here. Usually a bill is “amended” or 
changed by one House or the other. Sometimes a committee does not 
act upon a bill and it is said to “die in committee.” Sometimes one or 
the other House votes against a bill and it is then defeated. Sometimes, 
after a bill is passed by both Houses, the Governor “vetoes” or disap¬ 
proves it. Then it must go back and if two-thirds vote in favor in both 
houses, it is passed “over his veto.” But if two-thirds do not vote in 
favor, the bill is “dead.” 

It should be remembered, also, that a bill may be introduced in 
either Senate or House of Representatives. 

The Initiative and the Referendum 

Sometimes the voters themselves are called upon to vote upon a law. 
Our constitution allows private citizens to introduce a bill to the General 
Assembly by what is known as the “initiative.” If the Assembly does 
not pass the bill, those in favor secure more names upon a petition and 
the bill goes before the voters at the next election. If a majority vote 
in favor, the bill becomes a law. Thus the voters themselves can pass 
laws over the will of the Assembly. 

Another way of bringing about a vote of the citizens upon a bill 
is called the “referendum.” If a citizen is not in favor of a law passed 
by the Assembly, he may circulate a petition to have the people vote 
upon the law. If he secures enough signers, the law is voted upon at 
the next election. If a majority vote “no,” the law is dead; if a majority 
vote “yes,” the law goes into force. 

Note: See Lapp’s “Our America” for a very good account of legislative 
methods. 


CHAPTER FOURTEEN 


LAW AND THE COURTS 
Why We Have Courts 

Our courts explain the meaning of our laws and apply them to 
disputes which arise. We have two kinds of courts in the United 
States — Federal and State. The Federal courts have charge of cases 
arising under the Constitution and laws of the Nation; the State courts 
deal with all matters which concern the state constitution and the laws 
of the state. 

The Federal Courts 

The highest Federal court is the Supreme Court of the United 
States. It decides cases which concern the Constitution and the laws of 
the United States, and it may decide whether laws made by Congress 
are in conflict with the Constitution. 

The Federal courts which try most cases are the United States 
District Courts. There are eighty-three District Courts in the United 
States. Four of these are located in Ohio. The judges of these courts 
hold court in the following cities: Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus and 
Toledo. One of the duties of the District Courts is the granting of 
citizenship. 

The Courts of the State of Ohio 

Supreme Court: The highest court of the State of Ohio is the 
Supreme Court, which meets at Columbus. It is composed of seven 
judges elected by the voters of the state. 

Court of Appeals: Below the Supreme Court are eight Courts 
of Appeal, each of which is composed.of three judges elected by the 
voters of the district. 

Common Pleas Court: Most cases arising under state laws are 
begun and first tried in the Common Pleas Court. The judges of the 
Common Pleas Courts are elected by the voters of the counties. 

Probate Court: The Probate Court has power to decide cases 
which involve wills. After the death of a person who owns property, 
his estate is settled in this court. It also has the power to decide 
whether one needs a guardian to look after his person or property. A 
clerk of this court issues marriage licenses. The judge of this court is 
elected by the voters of the county. 

(43) 


44 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 



































FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


45 


Some Counties Have a Juvenile Court 

Juvenile Court: The Juvenile Court has charge of nearly all 
cases which involve the welfare of children. This means especially 
cases in which children are neglected or have done wrong. It may 
punish grown people who injure, neglect or in any way wrong children. 
The judge is elected by the voters of the county. 

Civil and Criminal Cases 

The cases which are heard in our courts are of two kinds, civil and 
criminal. A civil suit is a dispute between two individuals. An example 
of a civil suit is a case in which one person sues another for debt. 

A crminal case is one in which a person is charged with disobeying 
one of the laws of the government. An example of a criminal suit is 
the trial of a person who has stolen property. In a criminal suit in Ohio, 
“the State of Ohio” or the “United States” is always one of the parties 
to the suit. 

> 

Note: Teachers and students should become acquainted with the courts 
of the city which try smaller suits. In Cleveland and a few other cities there is 
a “Municipal Court.” A knowledge of these smaller courts is very important to 
the immigrant. Often his whole opinion of American institutions depends upon 
his understanding of these institutions for the administration of justice. 


CHAPTER FIFTEEN 


THE GOVERNMENT OF MY CITY 

Note to student and teacher: In 1912 Ohio put into its constitu¬ 
tion what is known as the Home Rule amendment. This allows each 
city to make its own “charter” or city constitution. This charter tells 
of the officers of the city, their powers and the way in which they are 
chosen. In a city which has a charter, each teacher should get for him¬ 
self a copy of the charter and outline the government of his city. 

Each student should fill in the following outline of the government 
of his city. 

The Council (or Commission) 

Number of members... 

How Chosen (by wards or at large). 

Term . 

The council (or commission) is the law-making body of the city. 
Its laws are called “ordinances.” These ordinances concern a great 
many things among the most important of which are police and traffic 
regulations. 

Executive—(Mayor or Manager) 

How Chosen ? . 

Term . 

The mayor (or manager) is the chief executive of the city. His 
duty is the enforcement of both state and city laws- within the city. 
He is also the head of all executive officers of the city. He usually has 
the appointment of all of the chief officers of the city. 

The Chief Executive Officers of the City 

How Chosen ? . 

Term . 

Duties of Each. 

Note: For a general description of city government in the United 
States see Guitteau’s Government and Politics in the United States, Chapter 4. 


(46) 











CHAPTER SIXTEEN 


HOW THE CITY SERVES ITS PEOPLE 
Public Health 

In spite of the danger of accidents and the crowded manner in 
which so many live, the health of the citizens of a city is usually better 
than that of the citizens of a country village. This is because so many 
things are done to protect the public health. Those who have diseases 
which may be taken or “caught” by others, are kept away from the 
public or “quarantined.” City inspectors look after food in markets 
and stores and compel dealers to keep it in clean and sanitary places. 
Most cities have hospitals which are always open to those who are ill 
or injured. 

Protection of Life and Property 

All cities have fire and police departments. The fire department 
must be ready at all times to protect the property of the citizens from 
fire. The police protect property and keep order. A good police force 
does more than merely suppress disorder. The police should be the 
friends of all who are in need. They give directions concerning the 
law, they assist in keeping the city clean and healthy by advising citizens 
concerning health and sanitation and they stand ready at all times to 
assist strangers by giving information of all kinds concerning the city. 

if A i . . i.idi i . '■ i 1 . j : i ; ; ! 

Recreation 

A city must see that good, wholesome recreation is provided for its 
people. Nearly every city and town in Ohio has its parks which are 
open to all citizens. Many cities provide public entertainments on 
holidays and Sundays. Often a city does a great deal to encourage clean 
sports such as baseball, tennis, bathing and dancing. 

The Water Supply 

All cities must see that water is supplied to their people. This must 
be brought from a river or lake in pipes. It must be purified or filtered 
and finally must be carried in pipes to the homes of all citizens. 

The City Beautiful 

Wise cities look forward to the time when they will be much larger 
than at present. They plan so that the city of the future may be beau- 
W*?) well Wi>t *t****ts and well built buildings. New streets 

* 47 ) 



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Note —The Division of Americanization was created by the General Assembly after this chart was drawn. The head of the Division 
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50 ' 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS' 


must be laid out with a general plan. Some cities have a City Planning 
Commission to look forward to the future of the city and to plan wisely 
for its growth. 

Can you name any other ways in which your city serves its people? 

Note: See Moley & Cook’s “Lessons in Democracy,” Part IV, for 
material in easy English on community problems. 


CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 


HOW THE VOTERS RULE 
How the Officers are Chosen 

In the National Government: 

The voters elect: 

The President, 

The Vice-President, 

Members of Congress. 

The President appoints: 

The members of the Supreme Court, 

The members of the Cabinet, 

- All judges of the Federal Courts, 

A number of other important officers. 

All of the lesser positions in the national government are appointed 
after an examination by the Civil Service Commission. 

In the State and County Government: 

The voters elect: 

The Governor, 

The Lieutenant-Governor, 

The Secretary of State, 

The Attorney-General, 

The State Auditor, 

The State Treasurer, 

The judges of all state courts, 

The members of the General Assembly, 

The.County Commissioners, 

The County Auditor, 

The County Surveyor, 

The County Clerk of Courts, 

The County Treasurer, 

The County Recorder, 

The County Sheriff, 

The County Coroner, 

The County Prosecutor, 

The County Board of Education. 

Most other state officers are appointed by the Governor or some of 
the other officers named above. In many cases these appointments can 
be made only after examination by the Civil Service Commission. 

( 51 ) 



52 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


In the City: The student should in the manner shown above make 
a list of all city officers and indicate how they are chosen. 

Registration 

In every city of Ohio with a population between 11,800 and 100,000, 
all voters are required to register once in four years. In Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Columbus, Toledo, Akron and Youngstown, voters must 
register every year. The citizen learns of the days when he may register 
from the newspapers. 

Primaries 

In selecting public officers two steps must be taken, nomination and 
election. Nomination (or “naming”) means to select the persons who 
will be the candidates of the parties at election. In selecting the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States the nomination of each party is made at a 
great convention in which representatives from all states take part. 

In Ohio all state and county nominations are made at primaries. 
Nominations for United States senators and representatives are also 
made at primaries. In some cities the candidates for city offices are 
nominated at primaries. 

Primaries are held in the even numbered years on the second Tues¬ 
day in August. The voter must ask for the ballot of whichever party 
he supported at the last election. He then votes for the person whom 
he prefers for each office. 

Elections 

Elections are held in Ohio on the first Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November. In the even numbered years (as 1920 and 1922) state, 
and county officers and members of Congress are elected. At all elections 
the voters are usually required to vote upon a number of other issues 
such as tax levies, bond issues, constitutional amendments and laws under 
the initiative and referendum. 

When a voter goes to the polls he is usually given a number of 
different ballots: 

1. In Presidential years he receives a presidential ballot with the 
names of candidates for president and the names of the “electors.” 

2. He receives a state and county ballot with the names of all 
candidates for state and county offices, also the names of candidates for 
United States Congress. 

3. All state judges are elected by what is called a “non-partisan” 
ballot. Iheie are no political party designations On this ballot and the 
voter is supposed to vote for the candidate he prefers, regardless of 
party. 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 53 

4. Ballots are usually given the voter upon which he can vote for 
various measures or laws. These ballots are of the following kinds: 
Amendments to the state constitution. 

Referendum on laws passed by the General Assembly. 

Initiated laws for submission to the General Assembly. 

Special tax levies. 

Bond issues. 


Who May Vote in Ohio 

Men and Women: The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitu- 
iton of the United States says that men and women have equal rights in 
voting. 

Age: They must be 21 years old. 

Citizen of the United States: They must be citizens of the 
United States. 

Residence: Voters in Ohio are required to reside 
One year in the state, 

Thirty days in the county, 

Twenty days in the ward or precinct. 

Corrupt Practices 

In order to prevent bribery in elections, the state of Ohio has passed 
laws providing heavy penalties for certain acts which might be used in 
influencing voters. All such acts as the giving of bribes or presents to 
voters, are in violation of the state law. Money can be spent only for 
such expenses as rental of halls for meetings, compensation of speakers, 
music, fireworks and other publicity such as literature, cards, advertising 
in newspapers, rent of campaign headquarters, etc. After election, can¬ 
didates must file with the Board of Elections statements of how much 
money they have spent and for what purpose it was spent. 

Note: Examine carefully the sample ballots shown on pages — to —. 


CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 


POLITICAL PARTIES 
The Purpose of Political Parties 

Whenever the people have a voice in the government, political par¬ 
ties are formed. These organizations are societies of voters who or¬ 
ganize to elect to public office men and women who will carry out their 
wishes. In this way a political party can control the policies of the 
government. Thus, while one citizen alone has but little voice in the 
government, he can work for the things in which he believes when joined 
with others who think as he does. 

American Parties 

In the United States the two very large parties are the Republican 
and Democratic. We also have several smaller parties such as the 
Socialist Party and the Farmer-Labor Party. 

V 

How Parties are Organized in Ohio 

Each party has a state committee which is made up of members 
elected at the primaries in each congressional district of the State. 
Members of the State Committee serve for two years. This committee 
chooses its chairman and secretary. The State Committee is in charge of 
the campaign for all state offices. 

Each county also has a committee made up of members chosen from 
each precinct or township in the state. These committeemen are chosen 
at the primaries in the even numbered years for a term of two years. 
The county committee is in charge of campaigns for all of the county, 
township and city offices. 

The Citizen and the Party 

A good citizen takes an interest in politics. He attends political 
meetings and reads newspapers. He is willing to hear both sides of 
public questions. He has opinions of his own on public matters. He is 
not afraid to express these opinions. He belongs to a party but is not 
a slave to a party. When he thinks a party is wrong he does not support 
it. He does not allow a political boss to tell him how to vote. If citizens 
remain free in this way they can do a great deal to keep the nation free. 

Note: See Guitteau’s “Government and Politics in the United States,” 
Chapters 26 and 27. 


(54) 



CHAPTER NINETEEN 


HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES 
Citizenship of the United States 

The laws of the United States provide a way for men and women 
from other countries to become citizens. The method of becoming a 
citizen is called naturalization. People here from other countries should 
become naturalized as soon as possible. There are many advantages in 
being a citizen. He may claim protection for himself and his property 
in foreign countries. Men and women twenty-one years of age may vote 
and hold office only by becoming citizens. Neither a polygamist nor an 
anarchist can become a citizen. 

An ANARCHIST is a person who does not believe in organized 
government. 

A POLYGAMIST is a person who has more than one wife or one 
husband at the same time. 

Steps for Taking Out Citizenship Papers in Cleveland 

There are four steps which must be taken by an alien who wishes to 
become a citizen of the United States: 

1. He must file his Declaration of Intention, or “first paper.” 

2. He must file his Certificate of Arrival. 

3. He must file a Petition for Naturalization or “second paper.” 

4. He must appear before the judge for a final hearing. 

1. The Declaration of Intention 

The first paper is called the Declaration of Intention because it 
means that the applicant wishes to become a citizen and is declaring his 
intention of becoming one. 

The Declaration of Intention can be secured by an alien eighteen 
years of age or older at any time after arrival in this country. No wit¬ 
nesses are needed for the first paper. 

An alien does not need to speak English to get the first paper. The 
first paper costs one dollar. 

The first paper may be taken out at the office of the Clerk of 
Courts. The teacher should provide the class with application blanks. 

According to law a first paper is not '- 

(55) 


fundamental facts foe new citizens 


56 


2. Certificate of Arrival 

All aliens who came to the United States after June 29, 1906, must 
obtain a Certificate of Arrival before applying for the second paper. 
This certificate may be secured free of charge from the Bureau of 
Naturalization, Washington, D. C. Request blanks for this purpose 
should be furnished by the teacher. 

3. Petition for Naturalization 

The next step toward naturalization is the filing of a Petition for 
Naturalization. This is called a petition because it means that the 
applicant is asking the court to make him a citizen. 

The First Examination 

Every alien must have resided in the United States at least five 
years and one year in the state of Ohio before he may file his petition. 
It must be at least two years after the filing of his Declaration of 
Intention. 

He must appear before the Naturalization Examiner with two wit¬ 
nesses who are citizens of the United States. If the witnesses are nat¬ 
uralized citizens, they should bring their second papers. The witnesses 
must state that they have known the applicant for the last five years, 
have seen him often during that time, and that he is of good moral char¬ 
acter and otherwise qualified to become a citizen of the United States. 

If he has not lived in Ohio long enough to secure witnesses who 
have known him for five years, he may bring witnesses who have known 
him for a year or more while he has been living in Ohio. Also he must 
secure written statements from two witnesses, citizens, living in the 
states in which he has lived. These written statement blanks can be 
secured through the Naturalization Examiner. After the witnesses 
have been examined and have qualified, the candidate then will be asked 
questions on the government of the United States, the State of Ohio, 
and the city. He must show that he is able to exercise the duties of a 
citizen. To pass this examination the applicant must understand English. 
This book is for the purpose of helping men to prepare for this exami¬ 
nation. 

If the applicant fails to pass the examination, he must present him¬ 
self to the Federal Examiner a second time to answer again the ques¬ 
tions asked by the Examiner. It is not necessary to take his witnesses 
on a re-examination. 

After the first examination, whether the applicant fails or passes, 
he should file his petition with the naturalization clerk at either the 
Common Pleas or the Federal Court. He will be charged a fee of four 
dollars ($4.00) at this time. 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


57 


Final Hearing 

At a later date, not sooner than ninety days after the filing of the 
petition, the petitioner will be notified to appear in Court with his two 
witnesses. He will be examined by the judge and if accepted as a citizen, 
will be required to take the oath of allegiance. The oath is: 

i 

“I hereby declare on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce 
and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, 
state or sovereignty, and particularly to (name of sovereign) (of 
country), of whom I have heretofore been a subject; that I will sup¬ 
port and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of 
America, against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and that I will 
bear faith and allegiance to the same.” 

He will then be given his final certificate of Naturalization which 
makes him a citizen of the United States. At the final hearing the alien 
may change his name, if he can give the Court a good reason for doing 
so. 

If any of the citizenship papers are lost, new ones can be secured 
by applying at the office of the clerk of the Court in which the papers 
were filed. 

Honorably Discharged Soldiers 

An alien, honorably discharged from service in the United States 
army or navy, may be admitted to citizenship at any time by taking his 
honorable discharge papers and two witnesses who are able to identify 
him, to the office of the Federal Examiner. No fee is charged him, no 
first paper is necessary, nor is he required to wait 90 days before the 
final hearing as in other cases. 

Seamen on the Great Lakes 

Seamen on lake or ocean boats flying the American flag may be 
admitted to citizenship by presenting evidence of three years’ continuous 
service from the Captain or Master, provided he has made out a Decla¬ 
ration of Intention at least two years prior to his petitioning for second 
papers. A seaman is not required to wait ninety days for his final 
hearing. 

Note: Naturalization blanks and all information concerning naturaliza¬ 
tion may be secured by writing to W. T. Shockley, Naturalization Examiner, Fed¬ 
eral Building, Cleveland. 


CHAPTER TWENTY 


THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES 

Rights 

Citizens of the United States have many rights which cannot be 
taken away from them, even by action of the government itself. Most 
of these rights are protected by provisions of the Federal and state 
constitutions. The following are the most important of these: 

1. The Right to be Free: Slavery was forever abolished by the 
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, adopted after the Civil War. 

2. The Right to Liberty in Religion: A man may worship as 
he wishes, providing his ; manner of exercising this right is not unlawful. 

3. The Right to Freedom of Speech and of the Press: This 
permits citizens to speak and write their opinions. But this does not 
extend to the telling of untruths about others which will cause injury 
and it does not extend to telling others to disobey the law. 

4. The Right to Assemble and Petition: People may meet and 
discuss their affairs if such meetings are not disturbances of the peace. 
They may also petition the government and secure a hearing from their 
public officers. 

5. The Right to Fair Treatment if Accused of Crime: This in¬ 
cludes a speedy and public trial, a judgment by a jury and the right to 
a Writ of Habeas Corpus. The latter is to prevent the holding of a 
person without trial. 

6. The Right to Vote and Hold Office: These are not universal 
rights like the others named above, but are given to men and women 
who are citizens of a certain age. 

Duties 

Many of the above rights were secured by our forefathers only 
after many sacrifices. They depend even today upon the unselfishness 
and courage of the majority of citizens. There cannot be rights without 
duties. If we live under a government which grants us rights, we 
should give our loyalty and service in return. Only when we have 
citizens who are willing to do their full duty can our government be 
strong and enduring. The duties of a citizen cannot be stated in exact 
terms. A citizen's conscience must after all be the final judge. But a 
few duties commonly recognized by Americans may be stated as follows: 

1. The Duty of Obeying the Laws: If a law is bad we have 
the right to vote for its repeal and to ask our law-makers to do likewise. 

(58) 



59 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 

But as Jong as the majority of citizens allow it to remain we must obey 
it. In obeying a law we are simply obeying the; majority of the citizens. 

2. The Duty of Helping to Enforce the Laws: Every citizen 
may help the government to enforce the laws. We may help to keep 
the streets clean before our own residences. We may improve the 
appearance of our own houses and yards. In many ways the citizen 
who is willing to lend a helping hand to another is performing the most 
important of a citizen’s duties. 

3. The Duty of Voting Intelligently: Every citizen who may 
vote should use this right at every primary and election. He should in 
addition try to vote intelligently. Instead of being told by someone else 
how to vote, he should learn for himself. He should attend political 
meetings, read more than one newspaper and after hearing the argu¬ 
ments of all sides, should vote independently. 

Note: The student should examine carefully the Bill of Rights which 
will be found in the appendix. It is a part of the Constitution of Ohio. 


CONSTITUTION 
of the 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

PREAMBLE 

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America. 

ARTTICLE I —LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

Section 1 — Congress 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 

Section 2 — House of Representatives 

1 . The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every 
second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each State shall 
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State Legislature. 

2 . No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the 
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be 
chosen. 

3 . Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free per¬ 
sons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law 
direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Con¬ 
necticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia 
three. 

4 . When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5 . The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

( 60 ) 



T (I f4 D A M fe NT A L FACTS TOK NEW CltlZfeftS 


61 


Section 3 ■— Senate 

'i. [The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote.] 

2 . Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes* The seats 
of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second 
year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third 
class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every sec¬ 
ond year; J [and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary ap¬ 
pointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies]. 

3 . No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4 . The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Sen¬ 
ate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5 . The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office 
of President of the United States. 

6 . The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside: and no 
person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
present. 

7 . Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to re¬ 
moval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, 
or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section 4 — Elections and Sessions 

1 . The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing Senators. 

2 . The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meet¬ 
ing shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
different day. 

Section 5 — Government and Rules 

1 . Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications 
of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi¬ 
ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 
to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
penalties, as each House may provide. 

2 . Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem¬ 
bers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 

member. 

3 . Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require 
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question 
shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 


6 2 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6 — Privileges and Restrictions 

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged 
from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and 
in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either 
House they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in¬ 
creased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States 
shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. 

Section 7 — Process of Law-making 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa¬ 
tives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United 
States; if he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his ob¬ 
jections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec¬ 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon¬ 
sideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be 
reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by 
the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre¬ 
sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it. utdess 
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not 
be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question' of adjourn¬ 
ment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and, before the 
same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, 
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, ac¬ 
cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8 — Powers Granted to Congress 3 

The Congress shall have power, — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and 
provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all 
duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 63 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures; 

0. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors and exclusive right to their respective writ¬ 
ings and discoveries; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

10. To define and pnish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and offences against the law of nations; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water; 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrection, and repel invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such dis¬ 
trict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; — and 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section 9 — Powers Denied to Congress 4 

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now 
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be im¬ 
posed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

6 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 

census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 

to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or 

from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of ap¬ 
propriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person 
holding any office or profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the 


6 4 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, 
from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10 — Powers Denied to the States 6 

1 . No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything 
but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title 
of nobility. 

2 . No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for execut¬ 
ing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any 
State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United 
States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Con¬ 
gress. 

3 . No State -shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact 
with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually 
invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II —EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
Section 1 — The President: Election and Qualifications 

1 . The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States 
of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together 
with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:— 

2 . Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or 
Representative, or person holding office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an Elector. 

T 3 . [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of 
the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the Presi¬ 
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Sen¬ 
ate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then 
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the Presi¬ 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number 
of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one 
of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five 
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But 
in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the* President, 
the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice- 
President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the 
Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] 

4 . Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 65 

on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

5. No person except ^ natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig¬ 
nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same 
shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the 
case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- 
President, declaring- what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensa¬ 
tion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which 
he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation: — “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 

Section 2 — Powers of the President 

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual 
service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing of the principal 
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties 
of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons 
for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein other¬ 
wise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may 
by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the 
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the 
end of their next session. 

Section 3 — Duties of the President 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of 
the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, 
or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the 
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; 
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that 
the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 


5 F. F. 


66 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


Section 4 — Removal of Officials 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall 
be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, 
or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III —JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 
Section 1 — Courts and Judges 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, 
and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and 
establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services 
a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2 — Jurisdiction and Methods 

1 . The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies be¬ 
tween two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, 8 between 
citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grant of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
states, citizens, or subjects. 

2 . In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, 
and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have 
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under 
such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 

3 . The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; 
and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been com¬ 
mitted ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place 
or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section 3 — Treason 

1 . Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against 
them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2 . The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except dur¬ 
ing the life of the person attainded. 

ARTICLE IV —STATE RELATIONS 
Section 1 — Public Acts 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, 
and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general 
laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be 
proved, and the effect thereof. 


fundamental facts for new citizens 


67 


Section 2 — Rights and Restrictions of Individuals 

1 . The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities 
of citizens in the several States. 

2 . A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the 
executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be re¬ 
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3 . No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3 — New States and National Possession 

1 . New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no 
New State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; 
nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, 
without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the 
Congress. 

2 . The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section 4 — Protection of States 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican 
form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on ap¬ 
plication of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be 
convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V —AMENDMENT 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legis¬ 
latures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as 
part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the 
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amend¬ 
ment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight 
shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the 
first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its effual 
suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI—AUTHORITY OF THE CONSTITUTION 

1 . All depts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption 
of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Con¬ 
stitution as under the Confederation. 

2 . This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges 


68 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any 
State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3 . The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State Legislatures, and all executives and judicial officers, both of 
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation 
to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII —RATIFICATION 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth 
day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the 
twelfth. 

In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

Go: Washington. 

Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia, 

[and thirty-eight other delegates .] 


ARTICLES 


in Addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United 

States of America 

ARTICLE I —PERSONAL FREEDOM 1 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or pro¬ 
hibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the 
press, or the right of the people peacably to assemble, and petition the government 
for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II —KEEPING AND BEARING ARMS 1 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the 
right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III —QUARTERING TROOPS 1 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the con¬ 
sent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV —SECURITY OF THE HOME 1 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no 
warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to 
be seized. 

ARTICLE V —SECURITY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT 1 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war 
or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice 
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be 
a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of taw; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

ARTICLE VI —RIGHTS OF PERSONS ACCUSED OF CRIME 1 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con¬ 
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

( 69 ) 



o 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 



The 88 Counties of Ohio 






























































































FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


7 1 


ARTICLE VII—JURY TRIAL IN CIVIL CASES 1 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be ohterwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according 
to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII —BAIL AND PUNISHMENT 9 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX —UNMENTIONED RIGHTS 1 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed 
to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X —POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES 1 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor pro¬ 
hibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI —SUITS AGAINST STATES 10 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to 
any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII —ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT 11 

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant 
of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots-the person 
voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-Presi¬ 
dent; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and 
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the gov¬ 
ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;—the Presi¬ 
dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tivse, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted;—the person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no per¬ 
son have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not ex¬ 
ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representa¬ 
tives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Presi¬ 
dent, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State hav¬ 
ing one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary 
to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presiednt, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the 
case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person 
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if 
no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Sen¬ 
ate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 


72 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 
be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII —SLAVERY 12 
Section 1 — Prohibition 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime 
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2 — Enforcement 

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV —CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS 13 
Section 1 — Citizens and Their Rights 

All persons born or naturalized 'in the United States, and subject to the juris¬ 
diction thereof, are citizens of the United. States and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any 
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any 
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2 — Apportionment of Representatives 

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to 
their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
excluding. Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Repre¬ 
sentatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the mem¬ 
bers of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any 
way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of 
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such 
male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
of age in such State. 

Section 3 — Loss of Political Privileges 

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United 
States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member 
of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State 
Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by 
a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

Section 4 — Public Debt 

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, in¬ 
cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


73 


pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United 
States, nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid 
of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held 
illegal and void. 

Section 5 — Enforcement 

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV —RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE 14 
Section 1 — Negro Suffrage 

The right of citizens of the- United States to vote shall not be denied or 
abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or 
previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2 — Enforcement 

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla¬ 
tion. 

ARTICLE XVI —INCOME TAXES 16 

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes from what¬ 
ever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and with¬ 
out regard to any census or enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVII —ELECTION OF SENATORS 18 

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. 

2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, 
the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies: Provided, that the Legislature of any State may empower the executive 
thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by elec¬ 
tion as the Legislature may direct. 

3. This amendment shall not be co construed as to affect the election or term 
of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. 

ARTICLE XVIII 17 

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article, the manu¬ 
facture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof 
into or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 

Sec. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to 
enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as 
an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as pro¬ 
vided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof 
to the States by the Congress. 


74 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


ARTICLE XIX 38 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 


- 1 Modified by Amendment XIV, Section 2, and Amendment XVI. 

2 Paragraph 1 and the last part of paragraph 2, in Section 3, have been replaced by 
Amendment XVII. 

3 Additional powers of Congress are mentioned in Art. 1 , Sect. 2, par. 3; Sect. 4, par. 
1; Sect. 6, par. 1; Art. II, Sect. 1, pars. 4, 6; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, pars. 2,3; Sect. 3, par. 2; 
Art. IV, Sect. 1; Sect. 8, pars. 1, 2; Art. V; Amendment XIII, Sect. 2; Amendment XIV, 
Sects. 2, 3, 5; Amendment XV, Sect. 2; Amendment XVI. 

4 Amendments I to X are also, directly or indirectly, limitations on the powers of Congress. 

5 Modified by Amendment XVI. 

6 Supplemented by Amendments XIV and XV. 

7 Replaced by Amendment XII. 

8 Modified by Amendment XI. 

9 Amendments I to X were proposed by Congress in 1789. After ratification by the states 
they were proclaimed by the Secretary of State to be in force, 1791. 

10 Proposed, 1794, proclaimed in force, 1798. 

11 Proposed, 1803, proclaimed in force, 1804. 

12 Proposed and proclaimed in force, 1865. 

13 Proposed, 1866, proclaimed in force, 1868. 

14 Proclaimed in force, 1870. 

15 Proclaimed in force, 1913. 

16 Proclaimed in force, 1913. 

17 Proclaimed, 1919. 

18 Proclaimed, 1920. 




THE BILL OF RIGHTS 
of 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO 


We, the people of the State of Ohio, grateful to Almighty God for our free¬ 
dom, to secure its blessings and promote our common welfare, do establish this 
constitution. 

ARTICLE I 

Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and independent, and have certain 
inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and 
liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and seeking and obtaining 
happiness and safety. 

Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is in¬ 
stituted for their equal protection and benefit, and they have the right to alter, 
reform, or abolish the same, whenever they may deem it necessary; and no special 
privileges or immunities shall ever be granted, that may not be altered, revoked, 
or repealed by the General Assembly. 

Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble together, in a peaceable man¬ 
ner, to consult for their common good; to instruct their representatives; and to 
petition the General Assembly for the redress of grievances. 

Sec. 4. The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and se¬ 
curity; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous'to liberty, and shall 
not be kept up; and the military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. 

Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate, except that, in civil 
cases, laws may be passed to authorize the rendering of a verdict by the concur¬ 
rence of not less than three-fourths of the jury. 

Sec. 6 . There shall be no slavery in this state, nor involuntary servitude, 
unless for the punishment of crime. 

Sec. 7. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty 

God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No person shall be com¬ 

pelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or maintain any form of 
worship, against his consent; and no preference shall be given, by law, to any re¬ 
ligious society; nor shall any interference with the rights of conscience be per¬ 
mitted. No religious test shall be required, as a qualification for office, nor shall 
any person be incompetent to be a witness on account of his religious belief; but 
nothing herein shall be construed to dispense with oaths and affirmations. Religion, 
morality, and knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be 
the duty of the General Assembly to pass suitable laws to protect every religious 
denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and 
to encourage schools, and the means of instruction. 

Sec. 8. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 

unless in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety require it. 

Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital 
offenses where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall 
not be required; nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishment 
inflicted. 


(75) 



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FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


Sec. 10. Except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the army and navy, 
or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger, and cases 
involving offenses for which the penalty provided is less than imprisonment in the 
pententiary, no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury; and the number of 
persons necessary to constitute such grand jury and the number thereof necessary 
to concur in finding such indictment shall be determined by law. In any trial, in 
any court, the party accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person and 
with counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and 
to have a copy thereof; to meet the witness face to face,, and to have compulsory 
process to procure the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public 
trial by an impartial jury of the county in which the offense is alleged to have 
been committed; but provision may be made by law for the taking of the deposi¬ 
tion by the accused or by the state, to be used for or against the accused, of any 
witness whose attendance can not be had at the trial, always securing to the ac¬ 
cused means and the opportunity to be present in persons and with counsel at the 
taking of such deposition, and to examine the witness face to face as fully and in 
the same manner as if in court. No person shall be compelled, in any criminal 
case, to be a witness against himself; but his failure to testify may be considered 
by the court and jury and may be made the subject of comment by counsel. No 
person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. (Adopted Sept. 3, 
1912.) 

Sec. 11. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments 
on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of the right; and no law shall be 
passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all criminal 
prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall 
appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published 
with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. 

Sec. 12. No person shall be transported out of the state, for any offense 
committed within the same; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood, 
or forfeiture of estate. 

Sec. 13. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with¬ 
out the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 14. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers 
and possessions against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; 
and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma¬ 
tion, particularly describing hte place to be searched and the person and things to 
be seized. 

Sec. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on mesne 
or final process, unless in cases of fraud. 

Sec. 16. All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him 
in his land, goods, person, or reputation, shall remedy by due course of law, and 
shall have justice administered without denial or delay. Suits may be brought 
against the state, in such courts and in such manner, as may be provided by law. 
(Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.) 

Sec. 17. No hereditary emoluments, honors, or privileges, shall ever be 
granted or conferred by this state. 

Sec. 18. No power of suspending laws shall ever be exercised, except by the 
General Assembly. 

Sec. 19. Private property shall ever be held inviolate but subservient to 
the public welfare. When taken in time of war, or other public exigency, impera- 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


77 


tively required its immediate seizure or for the purpose of making or repairing 
roads, which shall be open to the public welfare. When taken in time of war, 
or other public exigency, imperatively requiring its immediate seizure or for the 
purpose of making or repairing roads, hich shall be open to the public, without 
charge, a compensation shall be made to the owner, in money, and in all other cases, 
where private property shall be taken for public use, a compensation therefor shall 
first be made in money, or first secured by a deposit of money, and such compensa¬ 
tion shall be assessed by a jury, without deduction for benefits to any property of 
the owner. 

Sec. 19a. The amount of damages recoverable by civil action in the courts 
for death caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of another, shall not be 
limited by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.) 

Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or 
deny others retained by the people; and all powers, not herein delegated, remain 
with the people. 


78 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 




IV 


America, the Beautiful 


Katharine Lee Bates 


Samuel A. Ward 



P*§11! 






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1.0 beau-ti-ful for spacious skies, For am-ber waves of grain, For" pur-ple moun-tain 

2. 0„beau-ti- ful for pil-grim feet Whose stern impassioned stress A thor-ough-fare for 

3.0 beau-ti-ful for glo-rious tale Of lib - er - a - ting strifo, When val-iant - ly for 

4.0 beau-ti-ful for pa-triot’s dream That sees be-yond the years * Thine al - a - has - ter 

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maj - es-ties A-bov© the fruit-ed plain, 
free-dom beat A-cross the wil-dor-ness, 
man’s a-vail Men lav-ish pre-cious life, 
cit - ies gleam Un-dimmed by hu -man tears. 


A - mer - i - cal A - mor - i - ca! God 

A - mer - i - ca 1 A - mer - i - ca I God 

A - mer - i - cal A - mer - i - cal May 

A - mer - i • ca 1 A - mer - i - ca! God 


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shed His grace on thee. And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shin-i 

mend thine ev-’ry flaw, Con - firm thy soul in self-con-trol, Thy lib - or - ty 

God thy gold re-fine Till all suc-cess bo no-ble-ness And ev-’ry man 

shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shin-i 

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Star Spangled Banner 


America 


Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn’s early 
light 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s 
last gleaming, 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through 
the perilous fight, 

O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gal¬ 
lantly streaming; 

And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs burst¬ 
ing in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag 
was still there. 

Oh, say, does the star spangled banner yet 
wave 

O’er the land of the free—and the home of 
the brave? 

Oh, thus be it ever when freeman shall stand 

Between their loved home and wild war’s 
rescued land 

Praise the Pow’r that hath made and pre¬ 
served us a nation. 

Then conquer we must, when our cause it 
is just. 

And this be our motto: “In God is our 
trust!” 

And the star spangled banner in triumph 
shall wave 

Ter the land of tie free—and the home of 
the brave. 


My country, ’tis of thee. 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sing; 

Land where my fathers died. 
Land of the pilgrims’ pride 
From every mountain side 
Let freedom ring. 

Let music swell the breeze, 
And ring from all the trees, 
Sweet freedom’s song; 

Let mortal tongues awake, 

Let all that breathe partake, 
Let rocks their silence break, — 
The sound prolong. 

Our father’s God, to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

•To Thee I sing; 

Long may our land be bright 
With freedom’s holy light; 
Protect us by Thy might, 

Great God our King. 







































































































IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT OUR LAWS 

I — Relations of Husband and Wife 

Duty of husband to support family. The husband must support himself, 
wife and his minor children. If he cannot do so, the wife must help him as much 
as she can. It is a crime for a husband to desert or neglect a child under 16 years 
of age, or a wife who is to become a mother. 

Interest in each other’s property. Neither husband nor wife can be 
kept from the home as long as they are living as man and wife and as long as 
they conduct themselves well. Each holds his or her property separate, subject to 
a legal dower interest of the other. Husband or wife may contract with each other 
or any other person the same as if unmarried. 

Can not alter their legal relations or duty to support minor children. 
Husband and wife cannot by any contract avoid supporting their minor children; 
nor can they change the marriage contract, except by order of court. 

Support of wife after separation. Husband is liable for the support 
of his wife if he leaves her, or if the husband fails to supply his wife with neces¬ 
saries, any other person may do so and recover pay from the husband. 

Alimony. If a husband fails to support his family, his wife may secure 
an order from court compelling him to pay her money for her support and her 
minor children. 

Common law marriage. Where a man and woman live together as 
husband and wife; hold themselves out to be such, and at some time agree between 
themselves to become man and wife, the law considers thm married although no 
legal ceremony has been performed. 

II — Support of Parents 

Any adult child having a parent within the state without means and unable 
because of age or infirmity to be self-supporting, must provide for such parent 
necessary shelter, food and clothing, and is criminally liable upon failure to do so. 

Ill — Minors 

Neglecting, abandoning or torturing children under 16 years. It is a 

crime punishable by fine and imprisonment to torture, torment, cruelly or unlawfully 
punish, or negligently deprive a child of necessary food, clothing or shelter. 

School Laws. Boys between the ages of 8 and 15, and girls between 
the ages of 8 and 16 must attend school. All children between 15 and 16 years who 
are not regularly employed shall be required to attend school. 

No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 years shall be employed unless such 
child presents to its employer an age and school certificate. Such certificate must 
be obtained from the superintendent of schools. 

Labor Laws. Minors’ wages must be agreed on in advance and it is 
unlawful to retain wages from minors for breakage or failure to do work properly. 

No boy under the age of 15 years or girl under 16 years of age shall be em¬ 
ployed in any factory, workshop, business office, mercantile or other establishment 
either directly or indirectly at any time. 

Maximum Hours of Labor. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 shall 
be employed in any of the above mentioned places more than 6 days in any one 

(79) 


So 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


week or more than 48 hours in any one week, nor more than 8 hours in any one 
day, nor before the hour of seven o’clock in the morning nor after six o’clock 
in the evening. 

Minors physically unfit for work may be barred from employment if unable 
to secure board of health certificate. 

Minors must not be employed in dangerous or immoral surroundings. 

Laws Affecting Morals of Minors. Enticing a minor to gamble, or 
gambling with him is punishable by fine and imprisonment. 

Permitting minors under 18 to play pool or bialliars is punishable by fine. 

Inducing illicit intercourse with a female under 18 years of age is punishable 
by imprisonment. 

Selling or giving cigarettes, cigars, or tobaccod to auy minor under 16 years 
of age is punishable by fine or imprisonment. 

Selling or giving to any minor under 14 any gun, rifle, revolver, firmarm, or 
ammunition, or knowingly permitting a minor to use the same is punishable by 
fine and imprisonment. 

No minor shall enter a saloon or other place where intoxicating liquor is 
sold or offered for sale unless accompanied by parent or guardian. 

Control of Minors by Court. The Juvenile Court has jurisdiction to 
enforce proper care and protection of minors. The court also has power to take 
children from parents if not properly cared for, and placethem in suitable homes. 


IV — Attachment of Wages 

Amount of Attachment. Ten per cent of a married man’s wages may 
be taken to satisfy a bill for necessaries. A bill for necessies include claims for 
rent, groceries, clothing and medical service. If a debtor is served with a notice 
called a “Statutory notice,” and does not obey the same within three days, or 
give an order on his employer for 10 per cent of his wages, he is liable to wage 
attachment in Justice Court or Municipal Court, and in such event in addition to 
having to pay 10 per cent of his monthly earnings, he is liable for court costs in 
the sum of $2.50. 

A single man has NO property or wages which can be held from collection 
of a court judgment. The same applies to an unmarried woman with the excep¬ 
tion of about $100 worth of clothing, with a few other unimportant articles. 


V — Intoxicating Liquors 

No intoxicating liquors may be manufactured, sold or offered for sale. 

VI — Landlord and Tenant 

Written Notice. In order to regain possession of his premises the 
landlord must, at least 3 days before commencing an action in court to put the 
tenant out, serve the tenant with a written notice to leave the premises. 

Suit in Municipal or Justice Court. If the tenant does not obey this 
notice the landlord must then file a complaint in court. The case cannot be heard 
till at least 3 days after filing. Thus the tenant has at least 6 days to quit the 
premises. 

Tenant from Month to Month. If a tenant paying rent by the month 
having no written or oral lease for a definite period holds over after the month, 
he cannot stay in for the whole of that month, unless the landlord by some act, 
such as acceptance of rent, has consented thereto. 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


81 


VII — Mother’s Pension 

The Law. The Juvenile Court may upon proper application make an 
allowance for the partial support of women whose husbands are dead or become 
disabled for work by means of physical or mental infirmity, or whose husbands are 
prisoners, or whose husbands have deserted, and such desertion has continued for 
a period of three years, when such women are poor and are the mothers of chil¬ 
dren not entitled to receive an age or schooling certificate, and such mothers and 
children have been legal residents in any county of the state for two years. 

VIII — Workingmen’s Compensation 

Compensation from the State to Injured Employes. A state commission 
has been created by law which collects funds from employers. The commission 
holds these funds in trust to be paid to employees who are injured while at work. 
There are definite fixed rates of compensation for the various classes of injuries. 
Application for this compensation must be made to the State Commission within 
three months (in cases resulting fatally, six months) after the injury through its 
local representative. In certain cases the workingman may choose whether he 
will sue the employer or accept the State award. Choice of either bars his right 
to the other. 

The injured workman receives two-thirds of his average weekly wage, not 
to exceed $15 per week, during the time he is unable to work. No insurance is 
paid for the first week he is disabled. 

IX — Chattel and Salary Loans 

State License. No person or company shall engage in business of mak¬ 
ing chattel or salary loans unless it has first secured a State License. 

Legal Rate of Interest. The law permits a charge of three per cent 
(3%) of $50.00 or less, if made for four months or more; an inspection fee of $1 
may be collected when the loan is made. No charge shall be made except that 
of 3% as before stated and the inspection fee. 

The Borrower. The Borrower must be furnished a card bearing name 
of the borrower, name of person or company making the loan, amount of loan, 
amount of interest charged, expense exclusive of intere§t, time for which charge 
was made, date when loan was made, and date when payable. 

X — Carrying Concealed Weapons 

The Law. Whoever carries a pistol, bowie-knife, dirk or other dangerous 
weapon concealed on or about his person shall be fined not more than two hun¬ 
dred dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days. 


*6 F. F. 


8 a 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

NATURALIZATION SERVICE 


NOTE. — A copy of this form will be furnished by the clerk of the court, the Chief 
Naturalization Examiner, or the public-school teacher to each applicant for a declaration of 
intention, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. After being filled 
out the form is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the declara¬ 
tion. If the applicant landed on or after June 20, 1906, his declaration should not be filed 
until the name of the vessel is definitely given (or the name of the railroad and border port 
in the United States through which the alien entered), as well as the date of arrival. 

TO THE APPLICANT. — The fee of one dollar required by law for the declaration, 
must be paid to the clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the declaration of inten¬ 
tion. No fee is chargeable for this blank, and none should be paid for assistance in filling it 
out, as the Naturalization Examiner or the public-school teacher will help you free of charge. 


My name is . Age: . years. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and Alive age last birthday.) 
correct name in full.) 

Also known as . 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be shown 
on line immediately r -.oove.) 

Occupation: .. 

Color: ... Complexion: . 

Height: . feet . inches. Weight: . pounds. 

Color of hair: .. Color of eyes: . 


Other visible distinctive marks:. 

9 

Where born: . 

(City 


(If no 


or town.) 


Date of birth: 


(Month.) 


visible distinctive marks, so state.) 


(Country.) 

(Day.) (Year.) 


Present residence: ., ., . 

(Number and street.) (City or town.) (State, Terrify, or Dist.) 

Emigrated from: .\ .. , . 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to come to U. S.) (Country.) 

Name of vessel: .. 

(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance 
or name of transportation company should be given.) 

Last place of foreign residence: ., . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

*/ am . married; the name of my wife is .; she was 

*born at .; and now resides at . 

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to .. 


(Write name and title of sovereign and country of which now a subject; 
or if a Republic, write name of Republic only.) 

Port of arrival: ..... 

(City or town.) (State or Territory.) 

Date of arrival in United States: ... . . 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

* NOTE TO CLERK OF COURT. — The two lines indicated by the * contain informa¬ 
tion which is provided for by blanks on the latest declaration of intention form; until such 
time as you may' be supplied with forms containing these blank spaces the information called 
for herein should be inserted immediately ABOVE the twelfth line, which begins “It is my 
bona fide intention,” etc., as requested in circular letter of January 5, 1916. 


































FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


83 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL 

FOR USE OF ALIENS ARRIVING AFTER JUNE 29, 1906 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
NATURALIZATION SERVICE 


Notice to the Clerk of the Court: 

1 his form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country after Tune 
2!), 1906. 

When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should be 
given to him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the execution of the 
petition for naturalization should not be commenced until the certificate of arrival 
is received by the clerk of the court. The alien should be directed to complete the 
letter below and carefully fill in all the blanks in this form, as the information is 
necessary to obtain the certificate of arrival, and will aid the clerk of the court in 
filing the petition for naturalization. The alien should then mail this form to the 
Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. 

That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the clerk of 
court the certificate of arrival required by section 4 of the act of June 29, 1906, to 
be attached to and made a part of the petition at the time of its filing. The state¬ 
ment of facts will also be forwarded to the clerk of the court. Notice will also 
be given to the alien that the certificate has been sent to the clerk of the court 
named by him. 

Commissioner of Naturalization, 

,U. S. Department of Labor, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir: I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a certificate 
showing my arrival in the United States and forward it to the clerk of the. 


(Give on these two lines title of court, and city or town, and county 


and State where court is located in which the petition will he filed.) 

for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturalization which I intend 
to file in that court. 

In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed and the place 
of my arrival and shown the facts which will go in my portion for naturalization 
when it is filed. 

Respectfully, 


(Give name in full.) 


(Give name in full.) 


ONLY ALIENS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES THROUGH 
CANADA OR MEXICO SHOULD ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON 
THIS PAGE, AND THEY SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN ADDITION 
TO THE OTHER QQUESTIONS ON THE REMAINING PAGES. 

Refer to your passport, ship’s card, and baggage labels, if you have any, to 
help you answer these questions. Mail your passport or ship s card to the Bureau 
of Naturalization with this form and it will be returned after it has been examined. 

I. My full name as given at time of sailing from Europe was. 


2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe was. 

3. I .sailed on the vessel..... 

(Give name. If you can not remember name of vessel, give the line.) 













84 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


4. The following are the names of the members of my family who came with 
me and other passengers on the vessel on which I sailed. 


5. I arrived at seaport of., in 


on. 


(Month.) 

Canada 

6. My destination in Mexico was, 


(Day.) 


Canada, 

Mexico, 


(Year.) 


7. I was going to join. 


(If alien informed immigration authorities at port of 
embarkation and at port of arrival in Canada or 
Mexico that he had no intention of remaining in that 
country, please so state.) 


(Here give name of person and address.) 


8. I was.examined for admission into the United States at. 

(If not examined, write “not” in blank space.) 


(If you were examined on a train, state this fact also.) 

9. My full name as given when examined for admission into the United States 
was . 


10. I entered the United States on 
at . 


(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

(Give name of place at border of the United States.) 




















FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


85 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
NATURALIZATION SERVICE 

FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 


My name is. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.) 

Also known as. 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be 
shown on line immediately above.) 

1. My place of residence is. 

(Number and name of street.) (City or town.) 


(County.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

2. My present occupation is. 

3. I was born on the.day of., 18. ..., at. 

(City or town.) 

., and my last foreign residence was 

(Country.) 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

4. I emigrated to the United States from. 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to 
come to the United States.) 

.., on or about the.day of., 19...., 

(Country.) 

and arrived at the port of., ., on the. 

(Port of arrival.) (State. 

day of., 19-- on the vessel., of the.Line, 

by first cabin. second cabin., steerage. 


(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name 
of transportation company should be given.) 

at which time my height was.feet.inches; complexion,.; 

color of hair,.; color of eyes,.; occupation,.; 

destined to., ..., 

(City or town.) (State.) 

and accompanied by. ; destined to. 

(Person or persons to whom destined.) 

(If the alien came under some other name than his own name, the name used on the 
steamship must be given here, or the record of arrival can not be found.) 


(If the alien arrived as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in any other manner than 
than as a passanger, please so state.) 

5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States on the 

.day of. 19 -, at.. 

(Location of court.) 

in the.Court of. 

6. I am.married. My wife’s name is. 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the 
name of his wife when living, and state 
place of her birth, and fact of her death; 
if not married, he should enter “not” in 
first sentence.) 

She was born on the.day of., 1., 

at .... y . f 

(Country.) (Country.) 

and now resides at.. 

(Number and street.) 

.. . I have..children, and 

(City or town.) (State or country.) 

























































86 , FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


the name , date 
of said children is 

and place 
as follows: 

of birth, 

and place 

of residence of each 


....day of... 

., 1... 

..., at..... 


., born.. 

....day of... 

., 1 • • • 

• • •, at. 


., born.. 

....day of... 

., 1 • • • 

..., at.. 


., born.. 

....day of... 

., 1 • • • 

..., at.. 

... ; resides at. 

., born.. 

....day of... 

...... 1... 

..., at.. 

...; resides at.:. 

., born.. 

....day of.. . 

., 1 • • • 

..., at. 

... ; resides at. 


....day of.. . 

., I--- 

• • •, at. 

,.. ; resides at. 


7. I now owe allegiance to... 

(Name of sovereign and country of which alien is now a subject.) 

8. I am able to speak the English language. 

9. 1 have resided continuously in the United States since the.day of 

., 19... ., and in the 

f Territory ] 

-I State 1 of.. 

[ District J 

since the.day of.., 19. 

10. I have.heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts required should 
be fully stated in the following blanks:) 

I previously petitioned for citizenship to the.Court, at 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the.day of.., 1., which was denied for the 

following reason: . 

The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the United 
States, who have known you for at least five years, last past, as a resident of the State in 
which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are of good moral character, that you 
are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United States, and who will appear 
with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also be present at the hearing of the peti¬ 
tion by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, last past, 
but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of residence within 
said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence in some other State must be 
shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or other witnesses appearing in person, or 
by depositions taken under section 10 of the naturalization act of June 29, 1906. The required 
form for notice to take depositions may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition is 
filed. 


(Name.) 


(Occupation.) 


(Residence address.) 


. * . > .* *. . .* ... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if those appearing with me at the time 
of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing — 


. y 

(Name.) 


(Occupation.) 


(Residence address.) 


(Name.) 


(Occupation.) 


(Residence address.) 





































































fundamental facts for new citizens 


87 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

. Form 2214 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
Naturalization Service 


JHP' NOTE — For Use of Aliens Who Arrived BEFORE June 29, 1906 


FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 


Clerk of court and applicant should read these instructions carefully. 

Clerks of courts should refuse to execute petitions for aliens who arrive in 
the United States after June 29, 1906, until certificate of arrival is furnished the 
clerk by the Bureau of Naturalization, after request of the alien on Form 2226. 
(See rule 5 of the Regulations.) 

A copy of this form (2214) should be furnished by the clerk of court to each 
applicant for a petition for naturalization who arrived in this country on or before 
June 29, 1906, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. 

The clerk of the court must collect the fee of $4 before he commences to 
fill out the petition. 

No fee is chargeable for this blank or for the execution thereof by the clerk 
or deputy clerk. 

After being filled out, this form is to be taken by the applicant to the clerk, 
to be used by him in properly filling out the petition. 

Witnesses must be citizens of the United States. If any witness is a natural¬ 
ized citizen, he must take his certification of citizenship, or so-called second paper, 
to the court when the petition is filed, and also when it is heard by the court. 

My name is. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.) 

Also known as. 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be 
shown on line immediately above.) 

State any change you want made in your name. 

1. My place of residence is. 

(Number and name of street.) (City or town.) 

(County.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

2. My present occupation is.•. 

3. I was born on the.day of., 18...., at. 

(City or town.) 


(Country.) 

4. I emigrated to the United States from.... 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to 
come to the United States.) 

.. on or about the.day of., 19...., 

(Country.) 

and arrived in the United States at the port of., 

(Port of arrival.) 

.. on the.day of. 1., 

(State.) 

on the vessel. 


(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name 
of transportation company should be given.) 

declared my intention (No.) to become a citizen of 

the United States on the.day of.,19-, 

at.. in the .Court of. 

(Location of court.) 

am.married. My wife’s name is... 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the 
name of his wife when living, and state 
place of her birth, and fact of her death; 
if not married, he should enter “not” in 
first sentence.) 


5. I 

6. I 


































fundamental facts for new citizens 


38 


7. 

8 . 
9. 


10 . 


She was born on the.day of.. 1 


ai . 

(Country.) 

and nnw rpsirlps at 



(Country.) 



(Number and street.) 





. I have. 


. children, and 

(City or town.) 

(State 

or country.) 




the name , date 

and place 

of birth, 

and place 

of 

residence of each 

of said children is 

i as follows: 






... .day of. 

., I--- 



resides at . 

., born. . 

. .. .day of. 

., I--- 

• • •, at. 


resides at. 


... .day of. 

., 1... 

• • •, at. 


resides at. 



. 1... 

..., at . 


resides at . 

., born. . 

.... day o f . 

., 1 • • • 

• • at . 


resides at . 

., born. . 

.... day of. 

., 1... 

• • •, at . 


resides at . 

., born. . 

.... day of. 

., 1... 

• • •, at . 


resides at. 


... .day of. 

. , 1 • • • 

• • •, at. 


resides at. 


I now owe allegiance to... 

(Name of sovereign and country of which alien is now a subject.) 

I am able to speak the English language. 

I have resided continuously in the United States since the.day of 

., 19... ., and in the 

{ Territory 

State [- of. 

District J 

since the.day of., 19. 

I have.heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts inquired should 
be fully stated in the following blanks:) 

I previously petitioned for citizenship to the.Court, at 


• ••••••*••'...*******) .... ( * ********** 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the.day of., 1., which was denied for the 

following reason : ... 


The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the United 
States, who have known you for at least live years, last past, as a resident of the State in 
which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are of good moral character, that you 
are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United States, and who will appear 
with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also be present at the hearing of the peti¬ 
tion by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, last past, 
but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of residence within 
said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence in some other State must be 
shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or other witnesses appearing in person, or 
by depositions taken under section 10 of the naturalization act of June 29, 1906. The required 
form for notice to take depositions may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition is 
filed. 


..v .....) .•.... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

... ./ * ..> . ... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if those appearing with me at the time 
of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing — 

.*.* * J .* * * *. # .J ..... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 


(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Each of the above-named witnesses has known me in the United States since at 
least.. ., and in the State of. 

(Month.) (Year.) 

Since at least., . I herewith present my Declara- 

(Month.) . (Year.) _ 

tion of Intention to become a citizen of the United States. 



























































































FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


89 


SAMPLE BALLOT FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT 



DEMOCRATIC TICKET 


========1=1 JAMES M. COX 

For Vice President. 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 


For Electors of President and 
Vice President, 

OSCAR E BRADFUTE 


JAMES F. MALLEY 


ALFRED M COHEN 


CHARLES A. AULL 


CHARLES D. FADLER 


D. FINLEY MILLS 


B. A. UNVERFERTH 


ROY H. BUNN 


WM. T. HAVILAND 


LEWIS H. BATTEFELD 


CHARLES H. GRAVES 


OSCAR McLAUGHLIN 


JOHN A. MAYER 


GUY WINEGARNER 


LEWIS F. WHITE 


WILLIAM F. STECK 


EDWARD J. MILDREN 


MARION O. SHERER 


FRENCH W. SEVERNS 


SAMUEL J. McCUNE 


JOHN J. BOYLE 


JOSEPH S. BACKOWSKI 


PATRICK J. McGINTY 


ARCHIE KENNEL 

mm 



REPUBLI CAN TICKET 

For President, 

For 


SOCIALIST TICKET 


== WARREN O, HARD ING! 
Vice President. 

CALVIN COOLIDGEl 


President,! 



EUG ENE V, DEB S | 
Vice President, ^ : ■ = 

SEYMOUR STEDMAN.I 


For Electors of President and | 
Vice President, 

WE H. BOYD 


L. J. TABER 


GEORGE PUCHTA 


W. J. HOWARD 


DWIGHT E. SMITH 


GEORGE W. PORTER 


A. B. OSBORN 


W. L- REMLEY 


I. N. ZEARING 


RALPH O. PERROTT 


J. G. STEINKAMP 


J. B. UNDSAY 


BARTON WALTERS 


L. W. BUCKMASTER 


CHARLES THOMPSON 


W. B. BALDWIN 


F. M. MARTIN 


C R. WHITE 


a R. FREDRICKSON 


W. W. COWAN 


C. L. SHAYLOR 


L E. ARCHER 


A. B. SPROSTY 


THEODORE MYLER 


For Electors of President and I 

Vice President, 

E B. EUBANKS 


ERNEST. GERLACH 


MAX SANDIN 


JULIUS SCHULTZ, JR. 


chas. a. McClellan 


LOUIS P. WELFERS 


SIDNEY YELLEN 


JACOB BRAND 


HENRY KUHLMAN 


S. WEISSBERG 


GEORGE MEYER 


H. SHAPIRO 


AUGUST MALMS 


C. R. STONE 


HENRY FREY 


OSCAR K. EDELMAN 


WILLARD BARRINGER 


DAN P. FARRELL 


EDWIN L. RODGERS 


ELMER a HAGER 


ARTHUR SAPP 


JOHN P. BAKER 


•FRED W. KUNTZ 


ELMER A. BLOCHER 


SINGLE TAX TICKET 


For President,! 

- R- C. MACAULEY| 

For Vice President,! 

eR. C. BARNUMl 


For Electors of President and 
Vice President, 

F. E. BARNUM 


THOS. TAYLOR 


JOHN E. JENNINGS 


EVAN J. EDWARDS 


W. F. HAMMOND 


ARTHUR J. MORCOMB 


W. E. TUTTLE 


JOHN McCAUGHTRY 


W. J. WILLIAMS 


ALBERT DAVIS 


john McGovern 


JOHN KELLY 


S. G. FOOTE 


E. LEE YOUNG 


M T. FOOTE 


M C. FISHER 


O. a BUDDE 


JAS. D. McDOUGALL 


A. R. NELSON 


A. M FINNIE 


ANDREW RUSSELL 


JAMES H. McCORMICK 


MORGAN DAVIS 













































































































































SAMPLE BALLOT FOR STATE AND COUNTY OFFICERS 


— 

nn 

■' -J— __1 

DEMOCRATIC TICKET. 

m 

^PUBLICAN TICKET^ 


SOCIALIST TICKET. 

Ullllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 

SINGLE TAX TICKET 

1 

§g 

ABMER.IABIhJtHJKKT El 


For Governor 

VIC DONAHEY 

= 


For Governor 

HARRY L DAVIS 


For Governor 

FRANK B. HAMILTON 


For Governor 

EARL H. FOOTE 

sr 

• 

- 1 


For Lieutenant Governor 
HOWELL WRIGHT 

== 


For Lieutenant Governor 
CLARENCE J. BROWN 

=e 


For Lieutenant Governor 

O. G. VAN SCHOYCK 

EE 


For Lieutenant Governor 

W. O. BLASE 


For Secretary of State 
WILLIAM D. FULTON 

p 


For Secretary of State 
HARVEY C SMITH 

mz 


For Secretary of State 
GEORGE MARKERT 

t 

p 


For Secretary of State 
JASPER SHUMAN 


I! 


For Auditor of State 
DANIEL E. BUTLER 


For Auditor of State 
JOSEPH T. TRACY 

p 


For Auditor of State 
LOUIS H. NEFF 

p 


For Auditor of State 

L. R. TRIPP 

EE 


■ 


For Treasurer of State 

CHARLES B. ORWIG 

= 


For Treasurer of State 
RUDOLPH W. ARCHER 

p 


For Treasurer of State 
MAX GOODMAN 


For Treasurer of State 

ADAM LEHR 

p 


sl 


For Attorney General 
JOSEPH McGHEE 

p 


-For Attorney General 
JOHN G. PRICE 



For Attorney General 
JOSEPH SHARTS 

p 

•• 

For Attorney General 
GEORGE EDWARDS 

EE 


I! 


For United States Senator 

W. A. JULIAN 

ee 


For United States Senator 
FRANK B. WILLIS 

— 


For United. States Senator 

EE 


For United States Senator 
HENRY R STRONG 

p 


ll 

E§ 


For Representative to 
Congress—20th District 

CHARLES A. MOONEY 

ZZZ 


For Representative to 
Congress—20th District 
MINER G. NORTON 

EE 

* 




== 


For Reoresentative to EEm 
C ongress—20th District ssB 

NICHOLAS P. GEIGER =1 

EE 

— 


= 


For State Senator 

•—: 



p 



p 

= 

For State Senator EEB 

(Vote for not more than Four) — B 

— 

= 

(Vote for not more than Four) 

= 

EEE 

(Vote for not more than Four) 

= 

— 


= 

EE 

— 

= 


WM. AGNEW 



GEORGE H. BENDER 

== 


p 




— 


— 


TOM M. NORRIS 

=E 


ARTHUR H. DAY 



p 




p 


JAS. A. REYNOLDS 


WILLIAM R. GREEN 

= 






IHOMAS G. ROGERS s 

as 

RUDDY WIEGAND S 


JOHN C SMITH 



JOSEPH J. ROWE 

p 



p 



p 

| 


For Representative to General 
Assembly 


For Representative to 
General Assembly 

EE 

EE 


p 



ZZT 

ee 

For Representative to 


—— 

= 

(Vote- for not more than Fourteen) ~~ 

p 


OTTO J. BARTUNEK 

p 


HENRY C. BECK 

p 


p 


* 



RALPH R. BURKHOLDER =E 

= 


NORMAN R. BLISS 

p 


CHARLES BRENNER 

~ 






—— 


WALTER DAVISON = 


W. J. BURNS 

= 


WALTER C. COLE 

EE 



— 



— 


LOUIS FAULHABER = 

I 


PATRICK J. DALEY 

p 


A. S. COOLEY 

| 



= 




■ 

ALBERT R. GRIFFITH =£ 


JAMES D. FILBIN 

p 


HARRY E. DAVIS 

= 



— 



GARFIELD HlLGARDNER = 


GEO. F. GREVE 


R. F EDWARDS 

n 



ZZ! 



p 


THEODORE KAEHLER = 



JAMES P. MANGAN 



OWEN N. EVANS 

p 



= 



= 


WALTER KATELY 


GEO. J W. MATHEWS 



JOHN C FISCHER 

= 





= 

• 

LOUIS MAUERER ^ 


E A. MEYERS 

p 


GEORGE W. GREENE 

p 



p 





IRA MISENER EE 

= 


JOHN T. MOORE 

p 


• RICHARD R. HAWKINS 

| 





p 


OTTO SCHNEIDER ~ 

~~ 


W A. NASH 


L L. MARSHALL 

p 



— 



EE 


HARRY STIER = 


M 1 WALSH 

p 


ALBERT W SNOW 

p 



p 



= 


MICHAEL TISHLER S 

= 


CARL V WEYGANDT 

| 


M. }, WALTHER 







WILLIAM A. VAUGHN = 


CHAS. J WOLFRAM 

= 


S. E. WOODS 

EE 



EE 




WILLIAM D. WOOSTER S 

p 


For Cleric of the Common 
Pleas Court 

EDMUND B. HASERODT 

= 


Foo Clerk of the Common 
Pleas Court 

GEORGE WALLACE 

p 

* 


= 



= 


For Clerk of the Common 5 

Picas Court — 

WILLIAM GILTNER EE 

| 


Por Sheriff 

JOSEPH T BALL 

p 


For Sheriff 

C. B. STANNARD 

p 



p 



p 


For Sheriff jEj 

MURRAY YOUTZ = 

EE 


For County Commissioner 
(Vote for not more Oan Three) 

== 

EEE 

For County Commissioner 
(Vote for not more than Three) 

p 



— 

— 


— 

— 

-— 

For County Commissioner *5 

(Vote for noi more than Three) 

p 


TOM REYNOLDS 

— 


ALVA R. DITTRICK 

p 


= 


p 


AUGUST BOEST == 


WM. STO: .TE 

ee 


FRED KOHLER 



p 





EDWARD KARBON 

EE 


JOHN M. SULZMANN 

p 


JERRY R. ZMUNT 

— 


p 



p 


CHARLOTTE SMITH 

p 


For County Treasurer 

E. J. HAN RATTY 

= 


For County Treasurer 

RALPH C. McBRIDE 

— 



p 



p 


For County Treasurer - 

JOHN JAY PHARE r \ 

p 

— 

For County Recqrder 
HOSEA PAUL 

p 


For County Recorder 
LYMAN 0. NEWELL 

p 



EE 



p 


For County Recorder E- 1 

HENRY RICHTER 

For County Surveyor 

W. A. STINCHCOMB 

p 


For County Surveyor 
FRANK R. LANDER 

= 


- 




p 


s 

EE 


por Prosecuting Attorney 

E. J. HOPPLE 

p 


For Prosecuting Attorney 
EDWARD C STANTON 

4 

p 



= 



p 



1 


For Coroner 

W. J. ZOUL 

= 


For Coroner 

A. P. HAMMOND* 

§j 



| 

_ 


| 


For Coroner — 

MAX CAMIN = 









































































































































































































































































































SAMPLE BALLOT FOR JUDGES 


p 

JUDICIAL TICKET 

=5 

I 

= 

Make 

Nt 

a (X) in the Square to the Left of the 
ime of the Candidate to be voted for. 

EE 


EE 

Chief Justice of Supreme Court 

(Tote for one) 

EE 

= 


JOS. W. GOTTLIEB 

= 



C. T. MARSHALL 

EEE 

= 


HUGH U-NICHOLS 

— 








§ 

= 


Judge of Supreme Court 



mu 

Long Term 

(Vote for Two) 

| 

**' 


THOMAS A. JONES 

EE 

EE 


GEORGE W. MANNIX, Jr. 


= 


EDWARD S'. - MATTHIAS 


EE 


DAN B. CULL 

1 

[E 


FRANK R. EIELD 


s 


G. D. HERSEY 

ee 

EE 



H 

M 



=r 

=§ 


Judge of Supreme Court 

1= 



Short Term 

(Vote for one) 

M 



COLEMAN AVERY 


H 


GEORGE COOK 

ee 

H 


BENSON W. HOUGH 

ee 

ee 




=ee 

3 

For Judge of the Court of 

1 ~ 

ee 

5 

Appeals—Six Year Term 

(Vote for one) 

| 



ALVAN JF\ INGERSOLL 




THOMAS S. DUNLAP 

§j 

= 



— 


== 

* 

For Judge of the Court of 

H 

= 


Common Pleas—Term Ending 
’December 31, 1920 

(Vote for one) 

EE 

—«— 

= 


H. G. SCHAIBLY 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllilliliiiliiliiiin 

=§ 


FRANK S. DAY 

TT 



~~~~ 

EEE 

For Judge of the Court of 
Common Pleas—Term Ending 
December 31, 1922 

(Vote for one) 

=E 


— 


MAURICE BERNON 

EE 



= 


For Judge of. the Cdurt of 
Common Pl^as—Term 
Beginning January J r 1921 
(Vote for four) 

== 



HENRY I. EMERSON 

0 

= 


WILLIAM GORDON 

E§ 


THOMAS M. KENNEDY 


MANUEL LEVINE 

=5 


W. B. NEFF 

EE 

=E 


MORTIMER L. STEUER " 



JAMES F. WILSON 

ee 


GEORGE S. ADD AMS 

= 


FLORENCE E. ALLEN 

llllllllllllllllll 


WM. B. BEEBE 



EE 





== 




= 

For Judge of the Probate Court 

(Vote for one) 

Ie 


EE* 

== 

— 

ALEXANDER HADUEN 

































































































































92 


FUNDAMENTAL FACTS FOR NEW CITIZENS 


VOTING ON OTHER QUESTIONS 

This sample ballot shows how a proposed amendment to the state 
constitution appears: 



Proposed Amendment to 
the Constitution 

= 

== 



ARTICLE XV, 

EE 



Yes 

SECTION 9 

EE 

—— 



Prohibition of the Sale 


EE 



and Manufacture for Sale 


= 


No 

of Intoxicating Liquors 

see 




as a Beverage. 

— 


















- 

















ADDRESS DELIVERED BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN IN 
1863 IN HONOR OF SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT 
AT GETTYSBURG 


Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on 
this .continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated 
to the proposition that all men are created equal. 

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether 
that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can 
long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. 
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final 
resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation 
might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should 
do this. 

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot con¬ 
secrate — we cannot hallow — this ground. The brave men, 
living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far 
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little 
note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never 
forget what thpy did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be 
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought 
here thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be dedi¬ 
cated to the great task remaining before us — that from these 
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for 
which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we 
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; 
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; 
and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, 
shall not perish from the earth. 



!UN 1 * 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


0 012 051 107 5 a 



* 

A meric a! A meric a / 

God shed His grace on thee, 

And crown thy good with brotherhood 
From sea to shining sea! 

— Katherine Lee Bates. 


God hath made of one blood all nations of men 
to dwell on the face of the earth. 







































